cc(CP)

cc -- C compiler and preprocessor

Syntax

   cc [options] file . . .

Description

The cc command is the interface to the C compilation system. The compilation system consists of the following conceptual phases: preprocessing, compiling, optimizing, basic block profiling, assembling, and linking. The cc command examines its options and filename suffixes, and then executes the proper phases with appropriate options and arguments.

The cc command recognizes the following filename suffixes:

.c: A file that contains unprocessed C source; all phases are applicable.
.i: A file that contains preprocessed C source; all phases except for preprocessing are applicable.
.s: A file that contains assembly language source; only the assembling and linking phases are applicable.
.S: A file that contains assembly language source, and also contains C-style preprocessor directives. Only the preprocessor, assembling, and linking phases are applicable.
other: A file that contains input applicable only to the linking phase. This category commonly includes object files (.o), archive libraries (.a), and shared object libraries (.so).

If no options are present, the cc command sends all files through those phases (as appropriate to their suffixes) as are necessary to combine them into a dynamically linked executable with the name a.out in the current directory. If an intermediate result is requested instead, it is similarly placed in the current directory, with a filename derived by replacing the incoming suffix with a suffix appropriate to the resultant file. If the assembling phase occurs, the cc command places the object file (.o) in the current directory, but this file will be removed if a single source file is being compiled through to an executable. All other intermediate files are placed in a temporary directory. (The choice of directory can be controlled with the environment variable TMPDIR.)

An exception to the filename suffix rule is that any file name, regardless of suffix, will be accepted with the -E option. This allows the C preprocessor to be invoked as a standalone tool for use with non-C source files.

The cc command operates in two modes, UDK mode and OSR mode. Some cc options and command behavior will depend on which mode is being used. See the -K udk | osr options, described below, as well as the Compatibility section.

The following options are applicable to all phases.

-o str

Uses str as the name of the output file instead of the default name. With no options this renames the a.out executable. With -c this renames the generated .o object file. With -S this renames the generated .s assembly file. With -P this renames the generated .i preprocessed source file file. The -o option has no effect in conjunction with the -E option.

-Q str

Controls the inclusion of compilation tool identification information in the output. If str is ``y'' (the default), then the information will be present; if str is ``n'', it will not.

-V

Causes the cc command and each invoked tool to print its version information, one per line, on the standard error output.

-W phase,list

Hands the argument(s) specified by the comma-separated list (in order) to the single compilation phase named by phase. An argument in list can include a comma by escaping it by a preceding ``\''. If more than one conceptual phase is implemented by a single tool, all the associated argument lists are passed to the tool. The phase names are the following:

p: preprocessor
0: compiler
2: optimizer
b: basic block profiler
a: assembler
l: linker

Relative to the regular options and arguments passed to the compilation phase, the location of the arguments specified by list is unspecified and may change.

-X str

Controls the degree of conformance to the ANSI and ISO C standards. The option argument str can be one of the following:

a: Specifies standards conformance except that some required warnings are omitted and the name space is expanded to include names that are not specified by the standards. All C constructions behave as specified in the standards. All implemented language and library extensions beyond the standards are also available. This is the default.
b: Like a, except that the keywords inline and restrict are not recognized as keywords.
c: Specifies strict conformance to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89). As such, -Xc will cause inline and restrict not to be taken as keywords (like -Xb), and will issue one-time use warnings at the first occurrence of pure syntactic extensions. Examples of these are compound literals, intermixed declarations and statements in a block, and flexible array structure members. Because the name space of the language and headers is reduced from that of -Xa, certain extensions (such as the asm keyword) and some commonly expected header file declarations are not available. The latter may be helped by use of -D_POSIX_SOURCE or -D_XOPEN_SOURCE.
t: Specifies standards conformance except where the semantics differ from ``classic'' C. (See Kernighan & Ritchie, First Edition.) In addition, warnings are issued about preprocessing phase semantic changes such as new escape sequences (like \x) and any trigraph replacements (like ??!). Certain potential optimizations available in the other -X modes are also disabled.

In all -X modes, the compiling phase will warn about expressions in which the modified promotion rules for narrower unsigned values may cause an otherwise hidden behavior change.

-Y str,dir

Uses the directory dir to find the item(s) named by str. The option argument str is one or more of the following:

phase: Causes the phase (spelled the same as for -W) to be found in the directory dir. If more than one conceptual phase is implemented by a single tool and differing directories are specified for the phases, it is unspecified which directory is used.
``I'': Changes the directory searched last for preprocessing phase include files.
``P'': Changes the linking phase default library search path to be the colon-separated list of one or more directories, dir. (More directories can be added to the front of the path due to other options.)
``S'': Changes the directory in which to find the implementation's start-up object files.

In addition to the ability to specify the directory in which to find the various compilation phases, if the cc command is invoked as prefixcc, then each tool executed will be similarly prefixed, as will the filenames for the start-up object files. For example, if the command ./abccc is invoked with -Ya,../xyz, then the assembler would be expected to have the pathname ../xyz/abcas.

The following options are applicable only to the preprocessing phase.

-A name[(tokens)]: Causes name to be asserted as a predicate associated with the optional parenthesized tokens as if by a #assert directive.
-A -: Causes all predefined macros (other than those predefined macros specified in the C standards) to be undefined and all preassertions to be unasserted. See the Predefined Macros and Preassertions section below for details.
-a api: In OSR mode only, specify the source-level API when compiling a source file. In SCO OpenServer Release 6, this option is present only for compatibility with existing application source bases, and affects only the predefined macros emitted by the compiler. The option argument api can be one of the following: ansi, ods30 (same as xpg4plus in SCO OpenServer), posix, xpg4, xpg4plus, all (same as xpg4plus ). The predefined macros controlled by this option are listed in the Predefined Macros and Preassertions section below.
-C: Causes all comments other than on directive lines to be retained in the output of the preprocessor phase; otherwise, they are removed.
-D name[=tokens]: Causes name to be defined as a macro to be replaced by tokens, or by ``1'' if =tokens is not present, as if by a #define directive.
-E: Suppresses all phases but preprocessing, and sends the result to the standard output. The result will contain lines similar to preprocessing directives and can be used for a subsequent compiling phase. The name of the file being preprocessed may have any suffix.
-H: Causes the pathnames of all files included to be printed, one per line, on the standard error output.
-I dir: Causes dir to be searched for included files whose names do not begin with / before searching the usual directories. The directories for multiple -I options are searched in the order specified.
-P: Suppresses all phases but preprocessing, and places the result in a .i-suffixed file. Unlike -E, the result will contain no directives. Compiling this resultant .i file produces an executable whose line numbers match the .i file instead of the .c file. If a .S-suffixed file is being compiled, the result will be placed in a .s-suffixed file rather than .i-suffixed.
-U name: Causes name to be undefined as a macro as if by a #undef directive, even if name is a predefined macro (including those that begin with ``__'') or is also the subject of a -D option.

The following options are applicable to all phases except the preprocessing phase. All options affecting only the linking phase are also handed to the ld(CP) command.

-B str

Controls the linking phase library name search mechanism for subsequent -l options. The option argument str can be either ``dynamic'' (the initial setting) or ``static''. The order of the -B, -L, and -l options is significant; see the -l option.

-c

Suppresses the linking phase. No produced object files (.o) are removed.

-d str

Determines the mode of the executable result of the linking phase. If str is ``y'' (the default), a dynamically linked executable is to be produced; if str is ``n'', the result will be statically linked.

-G

Causes the linking phase to produce a shared object instead of an executable.

-g

Causes the generation of information that facilitates symbolic debugging. This option clashes with -O but has higher precedence: debugging information is generated if both are specified.

-i

Causes the linking phase to omit inclusion of the crti.o and crtn.o startup code object files when producing a shared object. This is useful when you are supplying your own _init and _fini sections for the shared object.

-J

In OSR mode only, this is a synonym for -K uchar.

-K list

Enables certain variations in code generation, or optimization, or linking, or a combination thereof. For those items in the following list presented in groups of two or more, the first item is the default choice, and at most one of each such group will be effective. The option argument list is a comma-separated list of one or more of the following items:

PIC: Changes code generation to be position-independent.
thread: Specifies whether the program will use the multi-threading facilities. In threaded mode, arranges for the appropriate preprocessor flags to be turned on and for the threading library to be linked in the correct order. -lthread should not be used.
threadT: Causes the same effect as -Kthread, except that libthreadT (tracing) is linked. If -Kthread and -KthreadT are specified on the command line, -KthreadT will be used and a warning will be issued. -lthreadT should not be used.
pthread: Causes the same effect as -Kthread, except that in addition POSIX threads semantics are enabled at runtime for the fork(S), raise(S), thr_exit(THREAD), and thr_exit(PTHREAD), calls. -lpthread is an acceptable synonym for -Kpthread.
dollar: Specifies that the compiler should allow the character $ to be used in identifiers. Since this usage is an extension to the ANSI/ISO C Standard, use of this option with -Xc will result in a warning diagnostic on the first usage of $ in an identifier. This option may be needed when porting code from other systems.
blended
pentium
pentium_pro
i486
i386: Causes code generation specifically tuned to the selected Intel^® microprocessor. blended (the default) balances the code generation choices to work well on all these processors. pentium_pro optimizes for all Intel Pentium^® Pro-based processors such as the Pentium II. Used only in conjunction with -O.
ieee
no_ieee: Controls whether the generated floating point code strictly conforms to the IEEE floating point and C standards. ieee specifies strict conformance. no_ieee permits more aggressive floating point optimization. It assumes that the application does not change rounding modes, does not check for exception conditions, and does not produce NaNs or infinities. In this mode, errno might not be set as often and exceptions may not be raised.
alloca
no_alloca: Specifies whether the compiler generates calls to alloca(S) inline or not. The default is to inline, unless -Xc is specified, in which case the default is to not inline.
Note that calling alloca() within some other function call's argument expression may well result in broken code if the alloca() is *not* generated inlined. When inlined, alloca() works in all situations.
no_frame
fixed_frame
frame: Specifies the stack frame layout strategy the compiler is permitted to use. frame uses the ``%ebp'' register as a dedicated stack frame pointer. fixed_frame and no_frame represent alternate stack layouts: both permit ``%ebp'' to be allocated as a general purpose register, which usually produces faster code, but in rare instances may cause debugging stack traces to fail. Between the two, fixed_frame saves instructions at the expense of stack space, while no_frame does the reverse. fixed_frame is advantageous for the Intel Pentium Pro processor architecture, and is the default when -Kpentium_pro is specified. Otherwise, no_frame is the default. This option only applies when the -O option is specified; unoptimized code always uses the frame pointer layout.
no_args_in_regs
args_in_regs: Specifies whether the compiler may perform argument passing in registers, which produces faster code. This is done for certain types of calls within a translation unit, and only when -O is specified. A consequence of this option is that function breakpointing in debugging, and argument information in debugging stack traces, may be unreliable. -Kargs_in_regs clashes with inlining but has lower precedence; no argument passing in registers is done if both are specified.
host
no_host: In hosted mode, the compiler assumes that function names in the C standards are reserved and behave as described by the standard. The compiler will be free to inline such functions if requested. If no_ieee is also specified, the compiler assumes that math functions do not have NaNs or infinities as arguments and do not produce NaNs or infinities.
no_inline
inline: Specifies whether the compiler should perform function inlining. Inlining may yield better execution speed at the expense of extra code size. Only applies if the -O option is specified.
Similarly, the C99 inline function specifier will cause the compiler to attempt to replace invocations of such functions with an inline substitution only when the -O option is specified.
loop_unroll
no_loop_unroll: Specifies whether the compiler performs loop unrolling when optimization is enabled (-O). Loop unrolling may yield better execution speed at the expense of extra code size.
schar
uchar: Specifies whether plain character types are considered signed or unsigned. The default is signed.
udk
osr: Specifies the mode for the cc command, either UDK or OSR mode. The default mode depends on which cc command is invoked: /usr/ccs/bin/cc (or /usr/bin/cc) defaults to UDK mode; /osr5/usr/ccs/bin/cc to OSR mode.
The mode determines the application binary interface (ABI) that the generated compile code will follow: the SVR5/UDK ABI specified by the "System V Application Binary Interface Intel386 (TM) Processor Supplement" or the SCO OpenServer Release 6 ABI. All object files linked together within a single process must be built with the same ABI; no mixing is permitted. The mode also determines where the cc command will look for its binary parts, include files, libraries, and start-up routines ( BINDIR, INCDIR, LIBDIR, LIBPATH ). Finally, the mode determines in some cases how the cc command processes certain options
no_udk: The system uses certain heuristics in distinguishing between binaries compiled for SCO OpenServer using the SCO OpenServer ABI and binaries compiled for UnixWare or SCO OpenServer Release 6 using the SVR5/UDK ABI. These heuristics can fail in rare cases. On UnixWare, the -K udk option (which is otherwise unnecessary) can be used in cases when the heuristics break down. It instructs the link-editor to add a special mark to a binary object to positively identify it as a binary compiled by the UnixWare compiler and intended to be able to run on UnixWare and SCO OpenServer Release 6. -K no_udk indicates that no special mark should be inserted. Identical marks may also be generated separately by the elfmark(CP) command When linking on SCO OpenServer and passing the -Wl, -fosr5 option to ld(CP), the -K no_udk option must be used.

Multiple -K options have the same effect as if the separate list arguments were merged into one option.

-L dir

Adds dir to the linking phase list of directories to be searched for subsequent -l options. The order of the -B, -L, and -l options is significant; see the -l option.

-l str

Causes the linking phase to search the library libstr.so or libstr.a. The order of the -B, -L, and -l options is significant: A -l option causes the linker to check first in the directories specified by preceding -L options (in order) and then in the directories of the default library search path (-YP). If -Bdynamic is set at the point of the -l option, each directory is checked first for libstr.so and then libstr.a; otherwise, only libstr.a is checked. Avoid specifying -lc; cc will ensure that libc is linked in the proper order. Linking libc in the wrong order may cause incorrect execution behavior. If you do specify -lc, make sure there are no other dynamic libraries specified after it. Do not specify -lC; C++ links must be done with CC(CP). Use -Kthread (or -KthreadT) instead of -lthread (or -lthreadT) when linking with the threads library. Using -lthread (or -lthreadT) directly may cause incorrect execution behavior.

In OSR mode only, libcrypt , libgen , and libc , in that order, are automatically linked against, rather than just libc.

-O

Enables the optimization phase. This phase clashes with -g but has lower precedence: the optimization phase is disabled if both are specified. This phase also clashes with -ql but has lower precedence: the optimization phase is disabled if both are specified.

-p

Causes extra code to be generated that counts the number of calls to each routine. If the linking phase is enabled, the default library search path (-YP) is altered to check directories that are intended to contain similarly instrumented libraries before the usual directories. Moreover, different start-up object files are used that arrange to record (in the file mon.out) the time spent in each routine; see prof(CP).

-q str

Causes extra code that instruments the program to be generated. If str is ``p'', the behavior is the same as the -p option. If str is ``l'', the basic block profiling phase is enabled which generates extra code that counts the number of times each source line is executed; see lprof(CP). If str is ``f'', a flow profile log is created; see .fprof(CP) The -O option clashes with -ql but has lower precedence: the optimization phase is not enabled if both are specified.

-S

Suppresses the assembling and linking phases, and produces an assembly file (.s-suffixed file).

-v

Causes the compiling phase to perform extra syntactic, semantic, and lint(CP)-like checks.

-w

Causes the compiler to suppress warning messages.

-Z str

Controls the packing of ``full-size'' structure members in the compiling phase. Bit field packing is not affected by this option. The option argument str is one of the following:

p1: Selects at least one byte alignment for all structure members; or, in other words, include no padding. (This can also be specified as -Zp.)
p2: Selects at least two byte alignment for structure members of at least two bytes in size.
p4: Selects two byte alignment for two byte sized structure members and four byte alignment for larger structure members. This is the default choice.

The cc command recognizes -e, -h, -R, -u, and -z as linking phase options with arguments. These, and all other unrecognized option-like arguments are handed to ld(CP).

Finally, the cc command also recognizes the option -#. If one -# option is present, the cc command will print each tool with its options and argument just before it is invoked. With two -# options, the pathname of each tool is also printed; with three, the invocations are skipped.

Default Options

In OSR mode only, the cc command reads /etc/default/cc to obtain information about customized default options and libraries. The default file may contain lines beginning with the patterns FLAGS= and LIBS=. Any parameters following the FLAGS= pattern are treated by cc as if they had been specified at the start of the cc command line. Parameters following the LIBS= pattern are treated as if they had been specified at the end of the command line. This option is intended for, but not restricted to, the specification of additional libraries.

If cc is invoked as prefixcc, it always searches for the file /etc/default/prefixcc to retrieve information about the customized default options and libraries. Thus by linking cc to several different names and invoking it by those names, different defaults can be selected. The only exception is when prefix is u, that is, when cc is invoked as ucc: ucc also retrieves defaults from the file /etc/default/cc.

CCFLAGS: The CCFLAGS environment variable can be used to set additional cc options. These options are processed by the compiler driver before any command-line arguments. The CCFLAGS variable allows you to override options which are set using the FLAGS= pattern in /etc/default/cc, and may itself be overridden by options you specify on the command line.
CCLIBS: The CCLIBS variable is similar to CCFLAGS, except that you may use CCLIBS to override options which are set using the LIBS= pattern in /etc/default/cc.

Predefined Macros and Preassertions

In both UDK and OSR modes, the following macros are predefined with these values, regardless of whether the -A - option is specified:

           __DATE__                        "Mmm dd yyyy"
           __FILE__                        "current pathname"
           __LINE__                        current line number
           __TIME__                        "hh:mm:ss"
           __STDC__                        by default 0; 1 if -Xc
           __STDC_HOSTED__                 by default 1; 0 if -Kno_host
           __STDC_VERSION__                199409L
           __STDC_IEC_559__                1
           __STDC_IEC_559_COMPLEX__        0      
           __STDC_ISO_10646__              199712L

In both UDK and OSR modes, the following macros are predefined with these values, and these preassertions are made, unless the -A - option has been specified:

__USLC__ 1 __SCO_VERSION__ VvvYYYYMML V major version of the compiler vv the minor version YYYY year of compiler release MM month of compiler release i386 1 but not present if UDK mode -Xc unix 1 but not present if UDK mode -Xc

#assert system(unix) #assert cpu(i386) #assert machine(i386) #assert model(ilp32)

In OSR mode only, the additional following macros are predefined with these values, unless the -A - option has been specified:

           _SCO_DS                         2
           _SCO_DS_LL                      1
           __OPENSERVER__                  507
           __unix                          1
           __i386                          1 
           _SCO_ELF                        1

In OSR mode only, the further additional following macros may be predefined, depending on the value of the -a api option:

                                        API               
             Manifest        ansi posix xpg4 xpg4plus
             _POSIX_C_SOURCE  -     2    -      -   
             _POSIX_SOURCE    -     1    -      -   
             _SCO_ODS_30      -     -    -      -   
             _STRICT_ANSI     1     -    -      -   
             _XOPEN_SOURCE    -     -    1      -   
             _STRICT_NAMES    1     1    1      1

Finally, for additional backward compatibility in OSR mode, the following predefined macros are also emitted for the default -a xpg4plus api only. Each has the value 1: _M_I86 _M_I86SM _M_SDATA _M_STEXT _M_BITFIELDS _M_INTERNAT _M_SYS5 _M_SYSV _M_SYS3 _M_SYSIII _M_WORDSWAP _M_I386 _M_UNIX _M_XENIX .

Files

a.out: default name of resulting executable
INCDIR: last directory to search for include files
LIBDIR/crt.o: startup code object files
LIBDIR/libcrt.a: runtime support archive
LIBDIR/acomp: preprocessor and compiler
LIBDIR/optim: optimizer
LIBDIR/basicblk: basic block profiler
BINDIR/as: assembler
BINDIR/ld: linker
LIBDIR/libc.so: dynamic shared standard C library
LIBDIR/libc.a: archive standard C library
DIR/libp: subdirectory of each LIBPATH entry in which to check for profiled libraries
INCDIR: usually /usr/include
LIBDIR: usually /usr/ccs/lib
BINDIR: usually /usr/ccs/bin
LIBPATH: usually /usr/ccs/lib:/usr/lib
TMPDIR: usually /var/tmp but can be overridden by the environment variable TMPDIR.
/usr/lib/locale/locale/LC_MESSAGES/uxcds: language-specific message file [See LANG on environ(M).]
LIBDIR/values-X*.o: runtime objects used to implement the -X option

References

as(CP), debug(CP), elfmark(CP), fprof(CP), ld(CP), lint(CP), lprof(CP), monitor(S), prof(CP), tmpnam(S)

Kernighan, B. W., and Ritchie, D. M., The C Programming Language, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1988

American National Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language C, X3.159-1989

International Standard ISO/IEC 9899:1990, Programming Languages - C

International Standard ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming Languages - C

International Standard ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990, Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]

Standards compliance

The C language conforms to the updated C standard (C99), ISO/IEC 9899:1999, except for two major exceptions and two minor ones. The main unimplemented features are complex arithmetic and variable length arrays. The former also means that there is no <complex.h> header. The minor items are the return value for snprintf(S) when the destination array is not long enough (the C99-conforming functions are provided, but are spelled _xsnprintf() and _xvsnprintf()), and some header name space issues. The latter means that many of the new names added by C99 to existing headers will not be visible when using -Xc.

Compatibility

A compatibility libc is provided that allows applications compiled using this compiler to run with earlier UnixWare 7 releases. See Intro(S). The -Xb option removes recognition of only the two new keywords restrict and inline. All the other new keywords (for example, _Bool) will continue to be recognised.

Source code built under the SCO OpenServer Release 5 Development System C compiler may require modification if recompiled in UDK mode, due to differences in the OSR and UDK mode operating system API sets. Note that you may be recompiling in UDK mode without realizing it, because simply invoking cc will usually result in it being found in /usr/ccs/bin/cc or /usr/bin/cc and from those locations cc defaults to UDK mode.

Notices

If a mode choice option (such as -Q or -X) is specified more than once, generally the last is used.

New code should use -Xa, -Khost and -v; old code is probably best handled with -Xt and -Kno_host.

Preprocessing for .S-suffixed assembly source files will not generate the extra tokenizing whitespace that is inserted when compiling C language source files. All predefined macros and assertions present for C preprocessing are also present for .S source file preprocessing. These can be used to distinguish among different IA-32 assembly language dialects.