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Table of Contents
When we first asked for suggestions for inclusion in the Samba HOWTO documentation, someone wrote asking for example configurations and lots of them. That is remarkably difficult to do without losing a lot of value that can be derived from presenting many extracts from working systems. That is what the rest of this document does. It does so with extensive descriptions of the configuration possibilities within the context of the chapter that covers it. We hope that this chapter is the medicine that has been requested.
The information in this chapter is very sparse compared with the book “Samba-3 by Example” that was written after the original version of this book was nearly complete. “Samba-3 by Example” was the result of feedback from reviewers during the final copy editing of the first edition. It was interesting to see that reader feedback mirrored that given by the original reviewers. In any case, a month and a half was spent in doing basic research to better understand what new as well as experienced network administrators would best benefit from. The book “Samba-3 by Example” is the result of that research. What is presented in the few pages of this book is covered far more comprehensively in the second edition of “Samba-3 by Example”. The second edition of both books will be released at the same time.
So in summary, the book “The Official Samba-3 HOWTO & Reference Guide” is intended as the equivalent of an auto mechanic's repair guide. The book “Samba-3 by Example” is the equivalent of the driver's guide that explains how to drive the car. If you want complete network configuration examples, go to Samba-3 by Example.
Samba needs very little configuration to create a basic working system. In this chapter we progress from the simple to the complex, for each providing all steps and configuration file changes needed to make each work. Please note that a comprehensively configured system will likely employ additional smart features. These additional features are covered in the remainder of this document.
The examples used here have been obtained from a number of people who made requests for example configurations. All identities have been obscured to protect the guilty, and any resemblance to unreal nonexistent sites is deliberate.
In the first set of configuration examples we consider the case of exceptionally simple system requirements. There is a real temptation to make something that should require little effort much too complex.
“Anonymous Read-Only Document Server” documents the type of server that might be sufficient to serve CD-ROM images, or reference document files for network client use. This configuration is also discussed in “Standalone Servers”, “Reference Documentation Server”. The purpose for this configuration is to provide a shared volume that is read-only that anyone, even guests, can access.
The second example shows a minimal configuration for a print server that anyone can print to as long as they have the correct printer drivers installed on their computer. This is a mirror of the system described in “Standalone Servers”, “Central Print Serving”.
The next example is of a secure office file and print server that will be accessible only to users who have an account on the system. This server is meant to closely resemble a workgroup file and print server, but has to be more secure than an anonymous access machine. This type of system will typically suit the needs of a small office. The server provides no network logon facilities, offers no domain control; instead it is just a network-attached storage (NAS) device and a print server.
The later example consider more complex systems that will either integrate into existing MS Windows networks or replace them entirely. These cover domain member servers as well as Samba domain control (PDC/BDC) and finally describes in detail a large distributed network with branch offices in remote locations.
The configuration examples are designed to cover everything necessary to get Samba running. They do not cover basic operating system platform configuration, which is clearly beyond the scope of this text.
It is also assumed that Samba has been correctly installed, either by way of installation of the packages that are provided by the operating system vendor or through other means.
A standalone server implies no more than the fact that it is not a domain controller and it does not participate in domain control. It can be a simple, workgroup-like server, or it can be a complex server that is a member of a domain security context.
As the examples are developed, every attempt is made to progress the system toward greater capability, just as one might expect would happen in a real business office as that office grows in size and its needs change.
The purpose of this type of server is to make available to any user any documents or files that are placed on the shared resource. The shared resource could be a CD-ROM drive, a CD-ROM image, or a file storage area.
The file system share point will be /export.
All files will be owned by a user called Jack Baumbach. Jack's login name will be jackb. His password will be m0r3pa1n of course, that's just the example we are using; do not use this in a production environment because all readers of this document will know it.
Procedure 2.1. Installation Procedure: Read-Only Server
Add user to system (with creation of the user's home directory):
root#useradd -c "Jack Baumbach" -m -g users -p m0r3pa1n jackb
Create directory, and set permissions and ownership:
root#mkdir /exportroot#chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o+rx /exportroot#chown jackb.users /export
Copy the files that should be shared to the /export
directory.
Install the Samba configuration file (/etc/samba/smb.conf)
as shown in Anonymous Read-Only Server Configuration.
Test the configuration file by executing the following command:
root#testparm
Alternatively, where you are operating from a master configuration file called
smb.conf.master, the following sequence of commands might prove
more appropriate:
root#cd /etc/sambaroot#testparm -s smb.conf.master > smb.confroot#testparm
Note any error messages that might be produced. Proceed only if error-free output has been obtained. An example of typical output that should be generated from the above configuration file is shown here:
Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf
Processing section "[data]"
Loaded services file OK.
Server role: ROLE_STANDALONE
Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions
[Press enter]
# Global parameters
[global]
workgroup = MIDEARTH
netbios name = HOBBIT
security = share
[data]
comment = Data
path = /export
read only = Yes
guest only = Yes
Start Samba using the method applicable to your operating system platform. The method that should be used is platform dependent. Refer to Starting Samba for further information regarding the starting of Samba.
Configure your MS Windows client for workgroup MIDEARTH,
set the machine name to ROBBINS, reboot, wait a few (2 - 5) minutes,
then open Windows Explorer and visit the Network Neighborhood.
The machine HOBBIT should be visible. When you click this machine
icon, it should open up to reveal the data share. After
you click the share, it should open up to reveal the files previously
placed in the /export directory.
The information above (following # Global parameters) provides the complete
contents of the /etc/samba/smb.conf file.
We should view this configuration as a progression from the previous example.
The difference is that shared access is now forced to the user identity of jackb
and to the primary group jackb belongs to. One other refinement we can make is to
add the user jackb to the smbpasswd file.
To do this, execute:
root#smbpasswd -a jackbNew SMB password:m0r3pa1nRetype new SMB password:m0r3pa1nAdded user jackb.
Addition of this user to the smbpasswd file allows all files
to be displayed in the Explorer Properties boxes as belonging to jackb
instead of to User Unknown.
The complete, modified smb.conf file is as shown in “Modified Anonymous Read-Write smb.conf”.
An anonymous print server serves two purposes:
It allows printing to all printers from a single location.
It reduces network traffic congestion due to many users trying to access a limited number of printers.
In the simplest of anonymous print servers, it is common to require the installation of the correct printer drivers on the Windows workstation. In this case the print server will be designed to just pass print jobs through to the spooler, and the spooler should be configured to do raw pass-through to the printer. In other words, the print spooler should not filter or process the data stream being passed to the printer.
In this configuration, it is undesirable to present the Add Printer Wizard, and we do
not want to have automatic driver download, so we disable it in the following
configuration. “Anonymous Print Server smb.conf” is the resulting smb.conf file.
The above configuration is not ideal. It uses no smart features, and it deliberately
presents a less than elegant solution. But it is basic, and it does print. Samba makes
use of the direct printing application program interface that is provided by CUPS.
When Samba has been compiled and linked with the CUPS libraries, the default printing
system will be CUPS. By specifying that the printcap name is CUPS, Samba will use
the CUPS library API to communicate directly with CUPS for all printer functions.
It is possible to force the use of external printing commands by setting the value
of the printing to either SYSV or BSD, and thus the value of
the parameter printcap name must be set to something other than
CUPS. In such case, it could be set to the name of any file that contains a list
of printers that should be made available to Windows clients.
Windows users will need to install a local printer and then change the print to device after installation of the drivers. The print to device can then be set to the network printer on this machine.
Make sure that the directory /var/spool/samba is capable of being used
as intended. The following steps must be taken to achieve this:
The directory must be owned by the superuser (root) user and group:
root#chown root.root /var/spool/samba
Directory permissions should be set for public read-write with the sticky bit set as shown:
root#chmod a+twrx /var/spool/samba
The purpose of setting the sticky bit is to prevent who does not own the temporary print file from being able to take control of it with the potential for devious misuse.
On CUPS-enabled systems there is a facility to pass raw data directly to the printer without
intermediate processing via CUPS print filters. Where use of this mode of operation is desired,
it is necessary to configure a raw printing device. It is also necessary to enable the raw mime
handler in the /etc/mime.conv and /etc/mime.types
files. Refer to “Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream”.
We progress now from simple systems to a server that is slightly more complex.
Our new server will require a public data storage area in which only authenticated users (i.e., those with a local account) can store files, as well as a home directory. There will be one printer that should be available for everyone to use.
In this hypothetical environment (no espionage was conducted to obtain this data), the site is demanding a simple environment that is secure enough but not too difficult to use.
Site users will be Jack Baumbach, Mary Orville, and Amed Sehkah. Each will have a password (not shown in further examples). Mary will be the printer administrator and will own all files in the public share.
This configuration will be based on user-level security that
is the default, and for which the default is to store Microsoft Windows-compatible
encrypted passwords in a file called /etc/samba/smbpasswd.
The default smb.conf entry that makes this happen is
passdb backend = smbpasswd, guest. Since this is the default,
it is not necessary to enter it into the configuration file. Note that the guest backend is
added to the list of active passdb backends no matter whether it specified directly in Samba configuration
file or not.
Procedure 2.2. Installing the Secure Office Server
Example 2.4. Secure Office Server smb.conf
Add all users to the operating system:
root#useradd -c "Jack Baumbach" -m -g users -p m0r3pa1n jackbroot#useradd -c "Mary Orville" -m -g users -p secret maryoroot#useradd -c "Amed Sehkah" -m -g users -p secret ameds
Configure the Samba smb.conf file as shown in “Secure Office Server smb.conf”.
Initialize the Microsoft Windows password database with the new users:
root#smbpasswd -a rootNew SMB password:bigsecretReenter smb password:bigsecretAdded user root.root#smbpasswd -a jackbNew SMB password:m0r3pa1nRetype new SMB password:m0r3pa1nAdded user jackb.root#smbpasswd -a maryoNew SMB password:secretReenter smb password:secretAdded user maryo.root#smbpasswd -a amedsNew SMB password:mysecretReenter smb password:mysecretAdded user ameds.
Install printer using the CUPS Web interface. Make certain that all printers that will be shared with Microsoft Windows clients are installed as raw printing devices.
Start Samba using the operating system administrative interface. Alternately, this can be done manually by executing:
root#nmbd; smbd;
Both applications automatically execute as daemons. Those who are paranoid about
maintaining control can add the -D flag to coerce them to start
up in daemon mode.
Configure the /export directory:
root#mkdir /exportroot#chown maryo.users /exportroot#chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o-rwx /export
Check that Samba is running correctly:
root#smbclient -L localhost -U%Domain=[MIDEARTH] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba-3.0.20] Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- public Disk Data IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Samba-3.0.20) ADMIN$ IPC IPC Service (Samba-3.0.20) hplj4 Printer hplj4 Server Comment --------- ------- OLORIN Samba-3.0.20 Workgroup Master --------- ------- MIDEARTH OLORIN
The following error message indicates that Samba was not running:
root# smbclient -L olorin -U%
Error connecting to 192.168.1.40 (Connection refused)
Connection to olorin failed
Connect to OLORIN as maryo:
root#smbclient //olorin/maryo -Umaryo%secretOS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba-3.0.20] smb: \>dir. D 0 Sat Jun 21 10:58:16 2003 .. D 0 Sat Jun 21 10:54:32 2003 Documents D 0 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 DOCWORK D 0 Sat Jun 14 15:40:34 2003 OpenOffice.org D 0 Fri Apr 25 13:55:16 2003 .bashrc H 1286 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 .netscape6 DH 0 Fri Apr 25 13:55:13 2003 .mozilla DH 0 Wed Mar 5 11:50:50 2003 .kermrc H 164 Fri Apr 25 13:23:58 2003 .acrobat DH 0 Fri Apr 25 15:41:02 2003 55817 blocks of size 524288. 34725 blocks available smb: \>q
By now you should be getting the hang of configuration basics. Clearly, it is time to explore slightly more complex examples. For the remainder of this chapter we abbreviate instructions, since there are previous examples.
In this instance we consider the simplest server configuration we can get away with to make an accounting department happy. Let's be warned, the users are accountants and they do have some nasty demands. There is a budget for only one server for this department.
The network is managed by an internal Information Services Group (ISG), to which we belong. Internal politics are typical of a medium-sized organization; Human Resources is of the opinion that they run the ISG because they are always adding and disabling users. Also, departmental managers have to fight tooth and nail to gain basic network resources access for their staff. Accounting is different, though, they get exactly what they want. So this should set the scene.
We use the users from the last example. The accounting department has a general printer that all departmental users may use. There is also a check printer that may be used only by the person who has authority to print checks. The chief financial officer (CFO) wants that printer to be completely restricted and for it to be located in the private storage area in her office. It therefore must be a network printer.
The accounting department uses an accounting application called SpytFull that must be run from a central application server. The software is licensed to run only off one server, there are no workstation components, and it is run off a mapped share. The data store is in a UNIX-based SQL backend. The UNIX gurus look after that, so this is not our problem.
The accounting department manager (maryo) wants a general filing system as well as a separate file storage area for form letters (nastygrams). The form letter area should be read-only to all accounting staff except the manager. The general filing system has to have a structured layout with a general area for all staff to store general documents as well as a separate file area for each member of her team that is private to that person, but she wants full access to all areas. Users must have a private home share for personal work-related files and for materials not related to departmental operations.
The server valinor will be a member server of the company domain. Accounting will have only a local server. User accounts will be on the domain controllers, as will desktop profiles and all network policy files.
Example 2.6. Member Server smb.conf (Shares and Services)
Do not add users to the UNIX/Linux server; all of this will run off the central domain.
Configure smb.conf according to Member server smb.conf
(globals) and Member server smb.conf (shares
and services).
Join the domain. Note: Do not start Samba until this step has been completed!
root#net rpc join -Uroot%'bigsecret'Joined domain MIDEARTH.
Make absolutely certain that you disable (shut down) the nscd
daemon on any system on which winbind is configured to run.
Start Samba following the normal method for your operating system platform. If you wish to do this manually, execute as root:
root#nmbd; smbd; winbindd;
Configure the name service switch (NSS) control file on your system to resolve user and group names
via winbind. Edit the following lines in /etc/nsswitch.conf:
passwd: files winbind group: files winbind hosts: files dns winbind
Set the password for wbinfo to use:
root#wbinfo --set-auth-user=root%'bigsecret'
Validate that domain user and group credentials can be correctly resolved by executing:
root#wbinfo -uMIDEARTH\maryo MIDEARTH\jackb MIDEARTH\ameds ... MIDEARTH\rootroot#wbinfo -gMIDEARTH\Domain Users MIDEARTH\Domain Admins MIDEARTH\Domain Guests ... MIDEARTH\Accounts
Check that winbind is working. The following demonstrates correct
username resolution via the getent system utility:
root#getent passwd maryomaryo:x:15000:15003:Mary Orville:/home/MIDEARTH/maryo:/bin/false
A final test that we have this under control might be reassuring:
root#touch /export/a_fileroot#chown maryo /export/a_fileroot#ls -al /export/a_file... -rw-r--r-- 1 maryo users 11234 Jun 21 15:32 a_file ...root#rm /export/a_file
Configuration is now mostly complete, so this is an opportune time to configure the directory structure for this site:
root#mkdir -p /export/{spytfull,public}root#chmod ug=rwxS,o=x /export/{spytfull,public}root#chown maryo.Accounts /export/{spytfull,public}
For the remainder of this chapter the focus is on the configuration of domain control. The examples that follow are for two implementation strategies. Remember, our objective is to create a simple but working solution. The remainder of this book should help to highlight opportunity for greater functionality and the complexity that goes with it.
A domain controller configuration can be achieved with a simple configuration using the new tdbsam password backend. This type of configuration is good for small offices, but has limited scalability (cannot be replicated), and performance can be expected to fall as the size and complexity of the domain increases.
The use of tdbsam is best limited to sites that do not need more than a Primary Domain Controller (PDC). As the size of a domain grows the need for additional domain controllers becomes apparent. Do not attempt to under-resource a Microsoft Windows network environment; domain controllers provide essential authentication services. The following are symptoms of an under-resourced domain control environment:
Domain logons intermittently fail.
File access on a domain member server intermittently fails, giving a permission denied error message.
A more scalable domain control authentication backend option might use Microsoft Active Directory or an LDAP-based backend. Samba-3 provides for both options as a domain member server. As a PDC, Samba-3 is not able to provide an exact alternative to the functionality that is available with Active Directory. Samba-3 can provide a scalable LDAP-based PDC/BDC solution.
The tdbsam authentication backend provides no facility to replicate the contents of the database, except by external means (i.e., there is no self-contained protocol in Samba-3 for Security Account Manager database [SAM] replication).
If you need more than one domain controller, do not use a tdbsam authentication backend.
The engineering office network server we present here is designed to demonstrate use of the new tdbsam password backend. The tdbsam facility is new to Samba-3. It is designed to provide many user and machine account controls that are possible with Microsoft Windows NT4. It is safe to use this in smaller networks.
Example 2.7. Engineering Office smb.conf (globals)
Example 2.8. Engineering Office smb.conf (shares and services)
A working PDC configuration using the tdbsam password backend can be found in Engineering Office smb.conf (globals) together with Engineering Office smb.conf (shares and services):
Create UNIX group accounts as needed using a suitable operating system tool:
root#groupadd ntadminsroot#groupadd designersroot#groupadd engineersroot#groupadd qateam
Create user accounts on the system using the appropriate tool provided with the operating system. Make sure all user home directories are created also. Add users to groups as required for access control on files, directories, printers, and as required for use in the Samba environment.
Assign each of the UNIX groups to NT groups by executing this shell script
(You could name the script initGroups.sh):
#!/bin/bash #### Keep this as a shell script for future re-use # First assign well known groups net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Admins" unixgroup=ntadmins rid=512 type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users rid=513 type= net groupmap add ntgroup="Domain Guests" unixgroup=nobody rid=514 type=d # Now for our added Domain Groups net groupmap add ntgroup="Designers" unixgroup=designers type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="Engineers" unixgroup=engineers type=d net groupmap add ntgroup="QA Team" unixgroup=qateam type=d
Create the scripts directory for use in the
[NETLOGON] share:
root#mkdir -p /var/lib/samba/netlogon/scripts
Place the logon scripts that will be used (batch or cmd scripts) in this directory.
The above configuration provides a functional PDC system to which must be added file shares and printers as required.
In this section we finally get to review in brief a Samba-3 configuration that uses a Lightweight Directory Access (LDAP)-based authentication backend. The main reasons for this choice are to provide the ability to host primary and Backup Domain Control (BDC), as well as to enable a higher degree of scalability to meet the needs of a very distributed environment.
This is an example of a minimal configuration to run a Samba-3 PDC using an LDAP authentication backend. It is assumed that the operating system has been correctly configured.
The Idealx scripts (or equivalent) are needed to manage LDAP-based POSIX and/or
SambaSamAccounts. The Idealx scripts may be downloaded from the
Idealx Web site. They may also be obtained from the Samba tarball. Linux
distributions tend to install the Idealx scripts in the
/usr/share/doc/packages/sambaXXXXXX/examples/LDAP/smbldap-tools directory.
Idealx scripts version smbldap-tools-0.9.1 are known to work well.
Example 2.9. LDAP backend smb.conf for PDC
Obtain from the Samba sources ~/examples/LDAP/samba.schema
and copy it to the /etc/openldap/schema/ directory.
Set up the LDAP server. This example is suitable for OpenLDAP 2.1.x.
The /etc/openldap/slapd.conf file.
<title>Example slapd.conf File</title>
# Note commented out lines have been removed
include /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema
include /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema
include /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema
include /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema
pidfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.pid
argsfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.args
database bdb
suffix "dc=quenya,dc=org"
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=quenya,dc=org"
rootpw {SSHA}06qDkonA8hk6W6SSnRzWj0/pBcU3m0/P
# The password for the above is 'nastyon3'
directory /var/lib/ldap
index objectClass eq
index cn pres,sub,eq
index sn pres,sub,eq
index uid pres,sub,eq
index displayName pres,sub,eq
index uidNumber eq
index gidNumber eq
index memberUid eq
index sambaSID eq
index sambaPrimaryGroupSID eq
index sambaDomainName eq
index default sub
Create the following file initdb.ldif:
# Organization for SambaXP Demo
dn: dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
dc: quenya
o: SambaXP Demo
description: The SambaXP Demo LDAP Tree
# Organizational Role for Directory Management
dn: cn=Manager,dc=quenya,dc=org
objectclass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
description: Directory Manager
# Setting up the container for users
dn: ou=People, dc=quenya, dc=org
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalUnit
ou: People
# Set up an admin handle for People OU
dn: cn=admin, ou=People, dc=quenya, dc=org
cn: admin
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalRole
objectclass: simpleSecurityObject
userPassword: {SSHA}0jBHgQ1vp4EDX2rEMMfIudvRMJoGwjVb
# The password for above is 'mordonL8'
Load the initial data above into the LDAP database:
root#slapadd -v -l initdb.ldif
Start the LDAP server using the appropriate tool or method for the operating system platform on which it is installed.
Install the Idealx script files in the /usr/local/sbin directory,
then configure the smbldap_conf.pm file to match your system configuration.
The smb.conf file that drives this backend can be found in example LDAP backend smb.conf for PDC. Add additional stanzas
as required.
Add the LDAP password to the secrets.tdb file so Samba can update
the LDAP database:
root#smbpasswd -w mordonL8
Add users and groups as required. Users and groups added using Samba tools will automatically be added to both the LDAP backend and the operating system as required.
“Remote LDAP BDC smb.conf” shows the example configuration for the BDC. Note that
the smb.conf file does not specify the smbldap-tools scripts they are
not needed on a BDC. Add additional stanzas for shares and printers as required.
Example 2.10. Remote LDAP BDC smb.conf
Decide if the BDC should have its own LDAP server or not. If the BDC is to be
the LDAP server, change the following smb.conf as indicated. The default
configuration in Remote LDAP BDC smb.conf
uses a central LDAP server.
Configure the NETLOGON and PROFILES directory as for the PDC in “Remote LDAP BDC smb.conf”.