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socket(SSC)


socket -- create an endpoint for communication

Synopsis

cc [options] file -lsocket -lnsl
#include <sys/socket.h>

int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

Description

socket creates an unbound socket in a communications domain, and returns a file descriptor that can be used in later functions that operate on sockets.

The domain parameter specifies a communications domain within which communication will take place; this selects the protocol family which should be used. The protocol family generally is the same as the address family for the addresses supplied in later operations on the socket. These families are defined in the include file sys/socket.h. There must be an entry in the netconfig(SFF) file for at least each protocol family and type required. If protocol has been specified, but no exact match for the tuplet family, type, protocol is found, then the first entry containing the specified family and type with zero for protocol will be used. The currently understood formats are:


AF_UNIX
UNIX® system internal protocols

AF_INET
ARPA Internet protocols--IPv4

AF_INET6
ARPA Internet protocols--IPv6

The socket has the indicated type, which specifies the communication semantics. Currently defined types are:


SOCK_DGRAM
Supports datagrams (connectionless, unreliable messages of a fixed (typically small) maximum length).

SOCK_RAW
Provides access to internal network interfaces. This is only available to a privileged user.

SOCK_RDM
Provides a reliably-delivered message.


NOTE: No implementation currently exists for this facility.


SOCK_SEQPACKET
Provides a sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based data transmission path for datagrams of fixed maximum length; a consumer may be required to read an entire packet with each read system call.


NOTE: This facility is protocol specific, and is presently not implemented for any protocol family.


SOCK_STREAM
Provides sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based byte streams. An out-of-band data transmission mechanism is supported for TCP and UDP.

protocol specifies a particular protocol to be used with the socket. Normally only a single protocol exists to support a particular socket type within a given protocol family. However, multiple protocols may exist, in which case a particular protocol must be specified in this manner. The protocol number to use is particular to the ``communication domain'' in which communication is to take place. If a protocol is specified by the caller, then it will be packaged into a socket level option request and sent to the underlying protocol layers.

Sockets of type SOCK_STREAM are full-duplex byte streams, similar to pipes. A stream socket must be in a connected state before any data may be sent or received on it. A connection to another socket is created with a connect call. Once connected, data may be transferred using read and write calls or some variant of the send and recv calls. When a session has been completed, a close may be performed. Out-of-band data may also be transmitted as described on the send(SSC) manual page and received as described on the recv(SSC) manual page.

The communications protocols used to implement a SOCK_STREAM insure that data is not lost or duplicated. If a piece of data for which the peer protocol has buffer space cannot be successfully transmitted within a reasonable length of time, then the connection is considered broken and calls will indicate an error with -1 returns and with ETIMEDOUT as the specific code in the global variable errno. The protocols optionally keep sockets ``warm'' by forcing transmissions roughly every minute in the absence of other activity. An error is then indicated if no response can be elicited on an otherwise idle connection for a extended period (for instance 5 minutes). A SIGPIPE signal is raised if a process sends on a broken stream; this causes naive processes, which do not handle the signal, to exit.

SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets employ the same system calls as SOCK_STREAM sockets. The only difference is that read calls will return only the amount of data requested, and any remaining in the arriving packet will be discarded.

SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets allow datagrams to be sent to correspondents named in sendto calls. Datagrams are generally received with recvfrom, which returns the next datagram with its return address.

An fcntl call can be used to specify a process group to receive a SIGURG signal when the out-of-band data arrives. It may also enable non-blocking I/O and asynchronous notification of I/O events with SIGIO signals.

The operation of sockets is controlled by socket level options. These options are defined in the file sys/socket.h. setsockopt and getsockopt are used to set and get options, respectively.

Files

/usr/lib/locale/locale/LC_MESSAGES/uxnsl

Return values

A -1 is returned if an error occurs, and errno is set. Otherwise the return value is a descriptor referencing the socket.

Errors

The socket call fails if:

EACCES
Permission to create a socket of the specified type and/or protocol is denied.

EAFNOSUPPORT
The specified address family is not supported.

EMFILE
The per-process descriptor table is full.

ENFILE
The system has no more file descriptors available.

ENOMEM
Insufficient user memory is available.

ENOSR
There were insufficient STREAMS resources available to complete the operation.

EPROTONOSUPPORT
The protocol type or the specified protocol is not supported within this domain.

EPROTOTYPE
The protocol does not support the specified socket type.

References

accept(SSC), bind(SSC), close(S), connect(SSC), fcntl(S), getsockname(SSC), getsockopt(SSC), ioctl(S), listen(SSC), read(S), recv(SSC), send(SSC), shutdown(SSC), socketpair(SSC), write(S)

RFC 2133


© 2005 The SCO Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
SCO OpenServer Release 6.0.0 - 01 June 2005