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- Invoking Ghostscript
- Selecting an output device
- Interacting with pipes
- Using Ghostscript with PDF files
- Using Ghostscript with EPS files
- Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors
- How Ghostscript finds files
- Notes on specific platforms
- Command line options
- Improving performance
- Summary of environment variables
- Debugging
- Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript
- Appendix: X default font mappings
- Appendix: Running Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers
For other information, see the Ghostscript overview and, if necessary, how to install Ghostscript.
This document describes how to use the command line Ghostscript client. Ghostscript is also used as a general engine inside other applications (for viewing files for example). Please refer to the documentation for those applications for using Ghostscript in other contexts.
The command line to invoke Ghostscript is essentially the same on all systems, although the name of the executable program itself may differ among systems. For instance, to invoke Ghostscript on unix-like systems type:
gs [options] {filename 1} ... [options] {filename N} ...
Here are some basic examples. The details of how these work are described below.
To view a file:
You'll be prompted to press return between pages.gs -dSAFER -dBATCH document.pdf
To convert a figure to an image file:
gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -dGraphicsAlphaBits=4 \
-sOutputFile=tiger.png tiger.epsTo render the same image at 300 dpi:
gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -r300 \
-sOutputFile=tiger_300.png tiger.eps
To render a figure in grayscale:
gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pnggray -sOutputFile=figure.png figure.pdf
To rasterize a whole document:
gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pgmraw -r150 \
-dTextAlphaBits=4 -sOutputFile='paper-%00d.pgm' paper.psThere are also a number of utility scripts for common to convert a PostScript document to PDF:
The output is saved as file.pdf.ps2pdf file.ps
There are other utility scripts besides ps2pdf, including pdf2ps, ps2epsi, pdf2dsc, ps2ascii, ps2ps and ps2ps2. These just call Ghostscript with the appropriate (if complicated) set of options. You can use the 'ps2' set with eps files.
Ghostscript is capable of interpreting PostScript, encapsulated PostScript (EPS), DOS EPS (EPSF), and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF). The interpreter reads and executes the files in sequence, using the method described under "File searching" to find them.
The interpreter runs in interactive mode by default. After processing the files given on the command line (if any) it reads further lines of PostScript language commands from the primary input stream, normally the keyboard, interpreting each line separately. To quit the interpreter, type "quit". The -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE options in the examples above disable the interactive prompting. The interpreter also quits gracefully if it encounters end-of-file or control-C.
The interpreter recognizes many options. An option may appear anywhere in the command line, and applies to all files named after it on the line. Many of them include "=" followed by a parameter. The most important are described in detail here. Please see the reference sections on options and devices for a more complete listing.
You can get a brief help message by invoking Ghostscript with the -h or -? switch, like this:
gs -h gs -?
The message shows for that version of the Ghostscript executable:
On other systems the executable may have a different name:
System invocation name Unix gs VMS gs MS Windows 95 and later gswin32c OS/2 gsos2
Ghostscript has a notion of 'output devices' which handle saving or displaying the results in a particular format. Ghostscript comes with a diverse variety of such devices supporting vector and raster file output, screen display, driving various printers and communicating with other applications.
The command line option '-sDEVICE=device' selects which output device Ghostscript should use. If this option isn't given the default device (usually a display device) is used. Ghostscript's built-in help message (gs -h) lists the available output devices. For complete description of the devices distributed with Ghostscript and their options, please see the devices section of the documentation.
Note that this switch must precede the name of the first input file, and only its first use has any effect. For example, for printer output in a configuration that includes an Epson printer driver, instead of just 'gs myfile.ps' you might use
gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps
The output device can also be set through the GS_DEVICE environment variable.
Once you invoke Ghostscript you can also find out what devices are available by typing 'devicenames ==' at the interactive prompt. You can set the output device and process a file from the interactive prompt as well:
All output then goes to the Epson printer instead of the display until you do something to change devices. You can switch devices at any time by using the selectdevice procedure, for instance like one of these:(epson) selectdevice (myfile.ps) run
(x11alpha) selectdevice (epson) selectdevice
Some printers can print at several different resolutions, letting you balance resolution against printing speed. To select the resolution on such a printer, use the -r switch:
gs -sDEVICE=printer -rXRESxYRESwhere XRES and YRES are the requested number of dots (or pixels) per inch. Where the two resolutions are same, as is the common case, you can simply use -rres.
The -r option is also useful for controlling the density of pixels when rasterizing to an image file. It is used this way in the examples at the beginning of this document.
Ghostscript also allows you to control where it sends its output. With a display device this isn't necessary as the device handles presenting the output on screen internally. Some specialized printer drivers operate this way as well, but most devices are general and need to be directed to a particular file or printer.
To send the output to a file, use the -sOutputFile= switch or the -o switch (below). For instance, to direct all output into the file ABC.xyz, use
gs -sOutputFile=ABC.xyz
When printing on MS Windows systems, output normally goes directly to the printer, PRN. On Unix and VMS systems it normally goes to a temporary file which is sent to the printer in a separate step. When using Ghostscript as a file rasterizer (converting PostScript or PDF to a raster image format) you will of course want to specify an appropriately named file for the output.
Ghostscript also accepts the special filename '-' which indicates the output should be written to standard output (the command shell).
Be aware that filenames beginning with the character % have a special meaning in PostScript. If you need to specify a file name that actually begins with %, you must prepend the %os% filedevice explicitly. For example to output to a file named %abc, you need to specify
gs -sOutputFile=%os%%abcPlease see Ghostscript and the PostScript Language and the PostScript Language Reference Manual for more details on % and filedevices.
Note that on MS Windows systems, the % character also has a special meaning for the command processor (shell), so you will have to double it:
gs -sOutputFile=%%os%%%%abc (on MS Windows)
Specifying a single output file works fine for printing and rasterizing figures, but sometimes you want images of each page of a multi-page document. You can tell Ghostscript to put each page of output in a series of similarly named files. To do this place a template '%d' in the filename which Ghostscript will replace with the page number.
Note: Since the % character is used to precede the page number format specification, in order to represent a file name that contains a %, double % characters must be used. For example for the file my%foo the OutputFile string needs to be my%%foo.
The format can in fact be more involved than a simple '%d'. The format specifier is of a form similar to the C printf format. The general form supported is:
%[flags][width][.precision][l]type
where: flags is one of: #+-
type is one of: diuoxX
For more information, please refer to documentation on the C printf format
specifications. Some examples are:
- -sOutputFile=ABC-%d.png
- produces 'ABC-1.png', ... , 'ABC-10.png', ...
- -sOutputFile=ABC-%03d.pgm
- produces 'ABC-001.pgm', ... , 'ABC-010.pgm', ...
- -sOutputFile=ABC_p%04d.tiff
- produces 'ABC_p0001.tiff', ... , 'ABC_p0510.tiff', ... , 'ABC_p5238.tiff'
Note however that the one page per file feature is not supported by all devices; in particular it does not work with document-oriented output devices like pdfwrite and pswrite. See the -dFirstPage and -dLastPage switches below for a way to extract single pdf pages.
As noted above, when using MS Windows console (command.com or cmd.exe), you will have to double the % character since the % is used by that shell to prefix variables for substitution, e.g.,
gswin32c -sOutputFile=ABC%%03d.xyz
As a convenient shorthand you can use the -o option followed by the output file specification as discussed above. The -o option also sets the -dBATCH and -dNOPAUSE options. This is intended to be a quick way to invoke ghostscript to convert one or more input files. For instance, to convert somefile.ps to JPEG image files, one per page, use:
gs -sDEVICE=jpeg -o out-%d.jpg somefile.psis equivalent to:
gs -sDEVICE=jpeg -sOutputFile=out-%d.jpg -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE somefile.ps
Ghostscript is distributed configured to use U.S. letter paper as its default page size. There are two ways to select other paper sizes from the command line:
-sPAPERSIZE=a4
-sPAPERSIZE=legal
-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=w -dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=hWhere w be the desired paper width and h be the desired paper height in points (units of 1/72 of an inch).
Individual documents can (and often do) specify a paper size, which takes precedence over the default size. To force a specific paper size and ignore the paper size specified in the document, select a paper size as just described, and also include the -dFIXEDMEDIA switch on the command line.
The default set of paper sizes will be included in the currentpagedevice
in the InputAttributes dictionary with each paper size as
one of the entries. The last entry in the dictionary (which has numeric keys)
is a non-standard (Ghostscript extension) type of PageSize where the array
has four elements rather than the standard two elements. This four element
array represents a page size range where the first two elements are the lower
bound of the range and the second two are the upper bound. By default these
are [0, 0] for the lower bound and [16#fffff, 16#fffff] for the upper bound.
The range type of PageSize is intended to allow flexible page size sepcification
for non-printer file formats such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, EPS, ...
For actual printers, either the entire InputAttributes dictionary
should be replaced or the range type entry should not be included. To simplify
using the default page sizes in the InputAttributes dictionary,
the command line option -dNORANGEPAGESIZE can be used. Using
this option will result in automatic rotation of the document page if the requested
page size matches one of the default page sizes.
You can change the installed default paper size on an installed version of Ghostscript, by editing the initialization file gs_init.ps. This file is usually in the lib directory somewhere in the search path. See the section on finding files for details.
Find the line
% /DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
Then to make A4 the default paper size, uncomment the line to change this to
/DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
For a4 you can substitute any paper size Ghostscript knows.
This supecedes the previous method of uncommenting the line % (a4) ....
Sometimes the initialization files are compiled into Ghostscript and cannot be changed.
As noted above, input files are normally specified on the command line. However, one can also "pipe" input into Ghostscript from another program by using the special file name '-' which is interpreted as standard input. Examples:
{some program producing ps} | gs [options] -
zcat paper.ps.gz | gs -
Ghostscript cannot read PDF files from standard input or a pipe because the PDF language inherently requires random access to the file. Thus '-' only works with PostScript documents.
When Ghostscript finishes reading from the pipe, it quits rather than going into interactive mode. Because of this, options and files after the '-' in the command line will be ignored.
On Unix and MS Windows systems you can send output to a pipe in the same way. For example, to pipe the output to lpr, use the command
gs -q -sOutputFile=- | lpr
In this case you must also use the -q switch to prevent Ghostscript from writing messages to standard output which become mixed with the intended output stream.
Similar results can be obtained with the %stdout and %pipe% filedevices. The example above would become
gs -sOutputFile=%stdout -q | lpror
gs -sOutputFile=%pipe%lpr(again, doubling the % character on MS Windows systems.)
In the last case, -q isn't necessary since Ghostscript handles the pipe itself and messages sent to stdout will be printed as normal.
Ghostscript is normally built to interpret both PostScript and PDF files, examining each file to determine automatically whether its contents are PDF or PostScript. All the normal switches and procedures for interpreting PostScript files also apply to PDF files, with a few exceptions. In addition, the pdf2ps utility uses Ghostscript to convert PDF to (Level 2) PostScript.
Here are some command line options specific to PDF
This is useful to avoid clipping information on a PDF document when sending to a printer that may have unprintable areas at the edge of the media larger than allowed for in the document.
This is also useful for creating fixed size images of PDF files that may have a variety of page sizes, for example thumbnail images.
Occasionally you may try to read or print a 'PDF' file that Ghostscript doesn't recognize as PDF, even though the same file can be opened and interpreted by an Adobe Acrobat viewer. In many cases, this is because of incorrectly generated PDF. Acrobat tends to be very forgiving of invalid PDF files. Ghostscript tends to expect files to conform to the standard. For example, even though valid PDF files must begin with %PDF, Acrobat will scan the first 1000 bytes or so for this string, and ignore any preceding garbage.
In the past, Ghostscript's policy has been to simply fail with an error message when confronted with these files. This policy has, no doubt, encouraged PDF generators to be more careful. However, we now recognize that this behavior is not very friendly for people who just want to use Ghostscript to view or print PDF files. Our new policy is to try to render broken PDF's, and also to print a warning, so that Ghostscript is still useful as a sanity-check for invalid files.
The PDF language, unlike the PostScript language, inherently requires random access to the file. If you provide PDF to standard input using the special filename '-', Ghostscript will copy it to a temporary file before interpreting the PDF.
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files are intended to be incorporated in other PostScript documents and may not display or print on their own. An EPS file must conform to the Document Structuring Conventions, must include a %%BoundingBox line to indicate the rectangle in which it will draw, must not use PostScript commands which will interfere with the document importing the EPS, and can have either zero pages or one page. Ghostscript has support for handling EPS files, but requires that the %%BoundingBox be in the header, not the trailer. To customize EPS handling, see EPS parameters.
For the official description of the EPS file format, please refer to the Adobe documentation in their tech note #5002. It is available from: http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html
In general with PostScript and PDF interpreters, the handling of overprinting and spot colors depends upon the process color model of the output device. Devices that produce gray or RGB output have an additive process color model. Devices which produce CMYK output have a subtractive process color model. Devices may, or may not, have support for spot colors.
Note: The differences in appearance of files with overprinting and spot colors caused by the differences in the color model of the output device are part of the PostScript and PDF specifications. They are not due to a limitation in the implementation of Ghostscript or its output devices.
With devices which use a subtractive process color model, both PostScript and PDF allow the drawing of objects using colorants (inks) for one or more planes without affecting the data for the remaining colorants. Thus the inks for one object may overprint the inks for another object. In some cases this produces a transparency like effect. (The effects of overprinting should not be confused with the PDF 1.4 blending operations which are supported for all output devices.) Overprinting is not allowed for devices with an additive process color model. With files that use overprinting, the appearance of the resulting image can differ between devices which produce RGB output versus devices which produce CMYK output. Ghostscript automatically overprints (if needed) when the output device uses a subtractive process color model. For example, if the file is using overprinting, differences can be seen in the appearance of the output from the tiff24nc and tiff32nc devices which use an RGB and a CMYK process color models.
Most of the Ghostscript output devices do not have file formats which support spot colors. Instead spot colors are converted using the tint transform function contained within the color space definition.. However there are several devices which have support for spot colors. The PSD format (Adobe Photoshop) produced by the psdcmyk device contains both the raster data plus an equivalent CMYK color for each spot color. This allows Photoshop to simulate the appearance of the spot colors. The display device (MS Windows, OS/2, gtk+) can be used with different color models: Gray, RGB, CMYK only, or CMYK plus spot colors (separation). The display device, when using its CMYK plus spot color (separation) mode, also uses an equivalent CMYK color to simulate the appearance of the spot color. The tiffsep device creates output files for each separation (CMYK and any spot colors present). It also creates a composite CMYK file using an equivalent CMYK color to simulate the appearance of spot colors. The xcfcmyk device creates output files with spot colors placed in separate alpha channels. (The XCF file format does not currently directly support spot colors.)
Overprinting with spot colors is not allowed if the tint transform function is being used to convert spot colors. Thus if spot colors are used with overprinting, then the appearance of the result can differ between output devices. One result would be obtained with a CMYK only device and another would be obtained with a CMYK plus spot color device. In a worst case situation where a file has overprinting with both process (CMYK) and spot colors, it is possible to get three different appearances for the same input file using the tiff24nc (RGB), tiff32nc (CMYK), and tiffsep (CMYK plus spot colors) devices.
In Adobe Acrobat, viewing of the effects of overprinting is enabled by the 'Overprint Preview' item in the 'Advanced' menu. This feature is not available in the free Acrobat Reader. The free Acrobat Reader also uses the tint transform functions to convert spot colors to the appropriate alternate color space.
When looking for initialization files (gs_*.ps, pdf_*.ps), font files, the Fontmap file, files named on the command line, and resource files, Ghostscript first tests whether the file name specifies an absolute path.
Testing a file name for an absolute path
System Does the name ...
Unix Begin with / ? MS Windows Have : as its second character, or begin with /, \, or //servername/share/ ? VMS Contain a node, device, or root specification?
If the test succeeds, Ghostscript tries to open the file using the name given. Otherwise it tries directories in this order:
GS_LIB_DEFAULT, GS_LIB, and the -I parameter may specify either a single directory or a list of directories separated by a character appropriate for the operating system (":" on Unix systems, "," on VMS systems, and ";" on MS Windows systems). We think that trying the current directory first is a very bad idea -- it opens serious security loopholes and can lead to very confusing errors if one has more than one version of Ghostscript in one's environment -- but when we attempted to change it, users insisted that we change it back. You can disable looking in the current directory first by using the -P- switch.
Note that Ghostscript does not use this file searching algorithm for the run or file operators: for these operators, it simply opens the file with the name given. To run a file using the searching algorithm, use runlibfile instead of run.
Adobe specifies that resources are installed in a single directory. Ghostscript instead maintains a list of resource directories, and uses an extended method for finding resource files.
The search for a resource file depends on whether the value of the system parameter GenericResourceDir specifies an absolute path. The user may set it as explained in Resource-related parameters.
If the user doesn't set the system parameter GenericResourceDir, Ghostscript creates a default value for it with attaching the string ../Resource to directory paths explained in How Ghostscript finds files, except the current directory. The first successful combination is used.
If the value of the system parameter GenericResourceDir is an absolute path (the default), Ghostscript assumes a single resource directory. It concatenates :
If the value of the system parameter GenericResourceDir is not an absolute path, Ghostscript assumes multiple resource directories. In this case it concatenates :
To get a proper platform dependent syntax Ghostscript inserts the value of the system parameter GenericResourcePathSep (initially "/" on Unix and Windows, ":" on MacOS, "." or "]" on OpenVMS). The string ../Resource is replaced with a platform dependent equivalent.
In the case of multiple resource directories, the default ResourceFileName procedure retrieves either a path to the first avaliable resource, or if the resource is not available it returns a path starting with GenericResourceDir. Consequently Postscript installers of Postscript resources will overwrite an existing resource or add a new one to the first resource directory.
To look up fonts, after exhausting the search method described in the next section, it concatenates together
Note that even although the system parameters are named "somethingDir", they are not just plain directory names: they have "/" on the end, so that they can be concatenated with the category name or font name.
Ghostscript has a slightly different way to find the file containing a font with a given name. This rule uses not only the search path defined by -I, GS_LIB, and GS_LIB_DEFAULT as described above, but also the directory that is the value of the FontResourceDir system parameter, and an additional list of directories that is the value of the GS_FONTPATH environment variable (or the value provided with the -sFONTPATH= switch, if present).
At startup time, Ghostscript reads in the Fontmap files in every directory on the search path (or in the list provided with the -sFONTMAP= switch, if present): these files are catalogs of fonts and the files that contain them. (See the documentation of fonts for details.) Then, when Ghostscript needs to find a font that isn't already loaded into memory, it goes through a series of steps.
CID fonts (e.g. Chinese, Japanese and Korean) are found using a different method.
Differences between search path and font path
Search path Font path
-I switch -sFONTPATH= switch GS_LIB and GS_LIB_DEFAULT environment variables GS_FONTPATH environment variable Consulted first Consulted only if search path and FontResourceDir don't provide the file. Font-name-to-file-name mapping given in Fontmap files; aliases are possible, and there need not be any relation between the font name in the Fontmap and the FontName in the file. Font-name-to-file-name mapping is implicit -- the FontName in the file is used. Aliases are not possible. Only fonts and files named in Fontmap are used. Every Type 1 font file in each directory is available; if TrueType fonts are supported (the ttfont.dev feature was included when the executable was built), they are also available.
If you are using one of the following types of computer, you may wish to set the environment variable GS_FONTPATH to the value indicated so that Ghostscript will automatically acquire all the installed Type 1 (and, if supported, TrueType) fonts (but see below for notes on systems marked with "*"):
Suggested GS_FONTPATH for different systems
System type GS_FONTPATH
Digital Unix /usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1Adobe Ultrix /usr/lib/DPS/outline/decwin HP-UX 9 /usr/lib/X11/fonts/type1.st/typefaces IBM AIX /usr/lpp/DPS/fonts/outlines
/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/DPSNeXT /NextLibrary/Fonts/outline * SGI IRIX /usr/lib/DPS/outline/base
/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1SunOS 4.x
(NeWSprint only)newsprint_2.5/SUNWsteNP/reloc/$BASEDIR/NeWSprint/
small_openwin/lib/fonts** SunOS 4.x /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline ** Solaris 2.x /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline VMS SYS$COMMON:[SYSFONT.XDPS.OUTLINE]
* On SGI IRIX systems, you must use Fontmap.SGI in place of Fontmap or Fontmap.GS, because otherwise the entries in Fontmap will take precedence over the fonts in the FONTPATH directories.
** On Solaris systems simply setting GS_FONTPATH or using -sFONTPATH= may not work, because for some reason some versions of Ghostscript can't seem to find any of the Type1 fonts in /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline. (It says: "15 files, 15 scanned, 0 new fonts". We think this problem has been fixed in Ghostscript version 6.0, but we aren't sure because we've never been able to reproduce it.) See Fontmap.Sol instead. Also, on Solaris 2.x it's probably not worth your while to add Sun's fonts to your font path and Fontmap. The fonts Sun distributes on Solaris 2.x in the directories
/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outlineare already represented among the ones distributed as part of Ghostscript; and on some test files, Sun's fonts have been shown to cause incorrect displays with Ghostscript.
These paths may not be exactly right for your installation; if the indicated directory doesn't contain files whose names are familiar font names like Courier and Helvetica, you may wish to ask your system administrator where to find these fonts.
Adobe Acrobat comes with a set of fourteen Type 1 fonts, on Unix typically in a directory called .../Acrobat3/Fonts. There is no particular reason to use these instead of the corresponding fonts in the Ghostscript distribution (which are of just as good quality), except to save about a megabyte of disk space, but the installation documentation explains how to do it on Unix.
CID fonts are PostScript resources containing a large number of glyphs (e.g. glyphs for Far East languages, Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Please refer to the PostScript Language Reference, third edition, for details.
CID font resources are a different kind of PostScript resource from fonts. In particular, they cannot be used as regular fonts. CID font resources must first be combined with a CMap resource, which defines specific codes for glyphs, before it can be used as a font. This allows the reuse of a collection of glyphs with different encodings.
The simplest method to request a font composed of a CID font resource and a CMap resource in a PostScript document is
/CIDFont-CMap findfontwhere CIDFont is a name of any CID font resource, and CMap is a name of a CMap resource designed for the same character collection. The interpreter will compose the font automatically from the specified CID font and CMap resources. Another method is possible using the composefont operator.
CID fonts must be placed in the /Resource/CIDFont/ directory. They are not found using Font lookup on the search path or font path.
Substitution of CID font resources is controlled by the Ghostscript configuration file lib/cidfmap, which defines a CID font resource map. The file forms a table of records, each of which should use one of two formats, explained below. Users may modify lib/cidfmap to configure Ghostscript for a specific need.
To substitute a CID font resource with another CID font resource, add a record like this :
/Substituted /Original ;where Substituted is a name of CID font resource being used by a document, and Original is a name of an available CID font resource. Please pay attention that both them must be designed for same character collection. In other words, you cannot substitute a Japanese CID font resource with a Korean CID font resource, etc. CMap resource names must not appear in lib/cidfmap. The trailing semicolon and the space before it are both required.
To substitute (emulate) a CID font resource with a TrueType font file, add a record like this :
/Substituted << keys&values >> ;Where keys&values are explained in the table below.
| Key | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| /Path | string | A path to a TrueType font file. This must be an absolute path. If using -dSAFER, the directory containing the font file must be on one of the permitted paths. |
| /FileType | name | Must be /TrueType. |
| /SubfontID | integer | (optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as TTC. This is ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection. The first font in a collection is 0. Default value is 0. |
| /CSI | array of 2 or 3 elements | (required) Information for building CIDSystemInfo.
If the array consists of 2 elements, the first element is a string, which specifies Ordering; the second element is a number, which specifies Supplement. If the array consists of 3 elements, the first element is a string, which specifies Registry; the second element is a string, which specifies Ordering; the third element is a number, which specifies Supplement. |
Currently only CIDFontType 2 can be emulated with a TrueType font. The TrueType font must contain enough characters to cover an Adobe character collection, which is specified in Ordering and used in documents.
Examples :
/Ryumin-Medium /ShinGo-Bold ;
/MS-Mincho << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/msmincho.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Japan1) 3] >> ;
/Ryumin-Light /MS-Mincho ;
/Batang << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/batang.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;
/Gulim << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;
/Dotum << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 2 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;
/HYSMyeongJo-Medium /Batang ;
/HYRGoThic-Medium /Gulim ;
/HYGoThic-Medium /Dotum ;
/SimSun << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simsun.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] >> ;
/SimHei << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simhei.ttf) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] >> ;
/STSong-Light /SimSun ;
/STHeiti-Regular /SimHei ;
Note that the font file path uses Postscript syntax. Because of this, backslashes in the paths must be represented as a double backslash.
This can complicate substitutions for fonts with non-Roman names. For example, if a PDF file asks for a font with the name /#82l#82r#83S#83V#83b#83N. This cannot be used directly in a cidfmap file because the #xx notation in names is a PDF-only encoding. Instead, try something like:
<82C68272835383568362834E>cvn << /Path (C:/WINDOWS/Fonts/msmincho.ttc) /FileType /TrueType /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Japan1) 3] >> ;Where <82C68272835383568362834E> is the same byte sequence converted to a hex string. This lets you specify a name using any sequence of bytes through the encodings available for Postscript strings.
Note that loading truetype fonts directly from /Resources/CIDFont is no longer supported. There is no reliable way to generate a character ordering for truetype fonts. The 7.0x versions of Ghostscript supported this by assuming a Japanese character ordering. This is replaced in the 8.0x and later releases with the more general cidfmap mechanism.
The PDF specification requires CID font files to be embedded, however some documents omit them. As a workaround the PDF interpreter applies an additional substitution method when a requested CID font resource is not embedded and it is not available. It takes values of the keys Registry and Ordering from the CIDFontSystem dictionary, and concatenates them with a dash inserted. For example, if a PDF CID font resource specifies
/CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (CNS1) /Supplement 1 >>the generated subsitituite name is Adobe-CNS1. The latter may look some confusing for a font name, but we keep it for compatibility with older Ghostscript versions, which do so due to a historical reason. Add a proper record to lib/cidfmap to provide it.
Please note that when a PDF font resource specifies
/Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity)there is no way to determine the language properly. If the CID font file is not embedded, the Adobe-Identity record depends on the document and a correct record isn't possible when a document refers to multiple Far East languages. In the latter case add individual records for specific CID font names used in the document.
Consequently, if you want to handle any PDF document with non-embedded CID fonts (which isn't a correct PDF), you need to create a suitable lib/cidfmap by hand, possibly a specific one for each document.
To render an UTF-16 encoded text, one must do the following :
Where Ghostscript puts temporary files
Platform Filename Location
MS Windows and OpenVMS _temp_XX.XXX Current directory OS/2 gsXXXXXX Current directory Unix gs_XXXXX /tmp
You can change in which directory Ghostscript creates temporary files by setting the TMPDIR or TEMP environment variable to the name of the directory you want used. Ghostscript currently doesn't do a very good job of deleting temporary files if it exits because of an error; you may have to delete them manually from time to time.
The Ghostscript distribution includes some Unix shell scripts to use with Ghostscript in different environments. These are all user-contributed code, so if you have questions, please contact the user identified in the file, not Artifex Software.
$ gs == "$disk:[directory]gs.exe"
where the "disk" and "directory" specify where the Ghostscript executable is located. For instance,
$ gs == "$dua1:[ghostscript]gs.exe"
$ define ghostscript_device dua1:[ghostscript_510]
$ define gs_lib ghostscript_device:
If the "directory" name ends with a closing square bracket "]", it is taken to refer to a real directory, for instance
$ define gs_lib dua1:[ghostscript]
$ define gs_lib disk:[directory]
allows Ghostscript to find its initialization files in the Ghostscript
directory even if that's not where the executable resides.
$ gs -Isys$login:
Ghostscript sees the switch as -isys$login, which doesn't work. To preserve the case of switches, quote them like this:
$ gs "-Isys$login:"
$ convert/fdl=streamlf.fdl input-file output-file
where the contents of the file STREAMLF.FDL are
FILE
ORGANIZATION sequential
RECORD
BLOCK_SPAN yes
CARRIAGE_CONTROL carriage_return
FORMAT stream_lf
$ set file/attribute=(rfm:stmlf)
If you are using on an X Windows display, you can set it up with the node name and network transport, for instance
$ set display/create/node="doof.city.com"/transport=tcpip
and then run Ghostscript by typing gs at the command line.
The name of the Ghostscript command line executable on MS Windows is gswin32c so use this instead of the plain 'gs' in the quickstart examples.
To run the batch files in the ghostscript lib directory, you must add gs\bin and gs\lib to the PATH, where gs is the top-level Ghostscript directory.
When passing options to ghostcript through a batch file wrapper such as ps2pdf.bat you need to substitute '#' for '=' as the separator between options and their arguments. For example:
Ghostscript treats '#' the same internally, and the '=' is mangled by the command shell.ps2pdf -sPAPERSIZE#a4 file.ps file.pdf
There is also an older version for MS Windows called just gswin32 that provides its own window for the interactive postscript prompt. The executable gswin32c is usually the better option since it uses the native command prompt window.
For printer devices, the default output is the default printer. This can be modified as follows.
- -sOutputFile="%printer%printer name"
- Output to the named printer. If your printer is named "HP DeskJet 500" then you would use -sOutputFile="%printer%HP DeskJet 500".
Note: Ghostscript is no longer supported on MS-DOS.
Invoking Ghostscript from the command prompt in Windows is supported by the Windows executable described above.
Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name ghostscript and class name Ghostscript; the ones marked "**" are calculated from display metrics:
X Windows resources
Name Class Default
background Background white foreground Foreground black borderColor BorderColor black borderWidth BorderWidth 1 geometry Geometry NULL xResolution Resolution ** yResolution Resolution ** useExternalFonts UseExternalFonts true useScalableFonts UseScalableFonts true logExternalFonts LogExternalFonts false externalFontTolerance ExternalFontTolerance 10.0 palette Palette Color maxGrayRamp MaxGrayRamp 128 maxRGBRamp MaxRGBRamp 5 maxDynamicColors MaxDynamicColors 256 useBackingPixmap UseBackingPixmap true useXPutImage UseXPutImage true useXSetTile UseXSetTile true regularFonts RegularFonts See "X fonts" symbolFonts SymbolFonts See "X fonts" dingbatFonts DingbatFonts See "X fonts"
Ghostscript*geometry: 595x842-0+0 Ghostscript*xResolution: 72 Ghostscript*yResolution: 72
Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:
xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
The "use..." resources exist primarily to work around bugs in X servers.
To use native X11 fonts, Ghostscript must map PostScript font names to the XLFD font names. The resources regularFonts (fonts available in standard or ISO-Latin-1 encoding), symbolFonts (using Symbol encoding), and dingbatFonts (using Dingbat encoding) give the name mapping for different encodings. The XLFD font name in the mapping must contain 7 dashes; the X driver adds the additional size and encoding fields to bring the total number of dashes in the font name to 14. See the appendix "X default font mappings" for the full list of default mappings.
Users who switch regularly between different X servers may wish to use the "*" wild card in place of the foundry name (itc, monotype, linotype, b&h, or adobe); users who do not switch X servers should leave the explicit foundry in the name, since it speeds up access to fonts.
Ghostscript takes advantage of the "HP XLFD Enhancements," if available, to use native X11 fonts for fonts that are anamorphically scaled, rotated, or mirrored. If the changes have been installed to the X or font server, they are automatically used when appropriate.
Font files distributed with Ghostscript can be used on X Windows displays. You can find full instructions in the documentation on fonts.
In addition to the device parameters recognized by all devices, Ghostscript's X driver provides parameters to adjust its performance. Users will rarely need to modify these. Note that these are parameters to be set with the -d switch in the command line (e.g., -dMaxBitmap=10000000), not resources to be defined in the ~/.Xdefaults file.
Because of bugs in the SCO Unix kernel, Ghostscript will not work if you select direct screen output and also allow it to write messages on the console. If you are using direct screen output, redirect Ghostscript's terminal output to a file.
Unless otherwise noted, these switches can be used on all platforms.
Note that by "library files" here we mean all the files identified using the search rule under "How Ghostscript finds files" above: Ghostscript's own initialization files, fonts, and files named on the command line.
/XYZ 35 def
whereas -sXYZ=35 is equivalent to
/XYZ (35) def
Note that the initialization file gs_init.ps makes systemdict read-only, so the values of names defined with -D, -d, -S, and -s cannot be changed -- although, of course, they can be superseded by definitions in userdict or other dictionaries. However, device parameters set this way (PageSize, Margins, etc.) are not read-only, and can be changed by code in PostScript files.
As noted above, -d and -s define initial values for PostScript names. Some of these names are parameters that control the interpreter or the graphics engine. You can also use -d or -s to define a value for any device parameter of the initial device (the one defined with -sDEVICE=, or the default device if this switch is not used). For example, since the ppmraw device has a numeric GrayValues parameter that controls the number of bits per component, -sDEVICE=ppmraw -dGrayValues=16 will make this the default device and set the number of bits per component to 4 (log2(16)).
Note that because of the way antialiasing blends the edges of shapes into the background when they are drawn some files that rely on joining separate filled polygons together to cover an area may not render as expected with GraphicsAlphaBits at 2 or 4. If you encounter strange lines within solid areas, try rendering that file again with -dGraphicsAlphaBits=1.
The parameter has no effect if -dTextAlphaBits=1. Default value is 0.
Setting -dAlignToPixels=0 can improve rendering of poorly hinted fonts, but may impair the appearance of well-hinted fonts.
Adobe specifies GenericResourceDir to be an absolute path to a single resource directory. Ghostscript instead maintains multiple resource directories and uses an extended method for finding resources, which is explained in "Finding PostScript Level 2 resources".
Due to the extended search method, Ghostscript uses GenericResourceDir only as a default directory for resources being not installed. Therefore GenericResourceDir may be considered as a place where new resources to be installed. The default implementation of the function ResourceFileName uses GenericResourceDir when (1) it is an absolute path, or (2) the resource file is absent. The extended search method does not call ResourceFileName .
Default value is (./Resource/) for Unix, and an equivalent one on other platforms.
Default value is (./Font/) for Unix, and an equivalent one on other platforms.
This also requires that the input be from stdin, otherwise an error will result (Error: /invalidrestore in --restore--).
Example usage is:
gs ... -dJOBSERVER - < inputfile.ps
-or-
cat inputfile.ps | gs ... -dJOBSERVER -
Note: The ^D does not result in an end-of-file action
on stdin as it may on some PostScript printers that rely on TBCP (Tagged
Binary Communication Protocol) to cause an out-of-band ^D to
signal EOF in a stream input data. This means that direct file actions
on stdin such as flushfile and closefile
will affect processing of data beyond the ^D in the stream.
This mode should be used with caution, and .setsafe should be run prior to running any PostScript file with unknown contents.
This mode also sets the .LockSafetyParams parameter of the default device, or the device specified with the -sDEVICE= switch to protect against programs that attempt to write to files using the OutputFile device parameter. Note that since the device parameters specified on the command line (including OutputFile) are set prior to SAFER mode, the -sOutputFile=... on the command line is unrestricted.
SAFER mode also prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir and either the /SystemParamsPassword or the /StartJobPassword.
Note: While SAFER mode is not the default, in a subsequent release of Ghostscript, SAFER mode will be the default thus scripts or programs that need to open files or set restricted parameters will require the -dNOSAFER command line option.
When running -dNOSAFER it is possible to perform a save, followed by .setsafe, execute a file or procedure in SAFER mode, then use restore to return to NOSAFER mode. In order to prevent the save object from being restored by the foreign file or procedure, the .runandhide operator should be used to hide the save object from the restricted procedure.
Ghostscript attempts to find an optimum balance between speed and memory consumption, but there are some cases in which you may get a very large speedup by telling Ghostscript to use more memory.
The information here describing is probably interesting only to developers.
Previous to 8.10, there was a single DEBUG flag, enabled with -dDEBUG on the command line. Now there are several debugging flags to allow more selective debugging information to be printed containing only what is needed to investigate particular areas. For backward compatibilty, the -dDEBUG option will set all of the subset switches.
| -dCCFONTDEBUG | Compiled Fonts | |
| -dCFFDEBUG | CFF Fonts | |
| -dCMAPDEBUG | CMAP | |
| -dDOCIEDEBUG | CIE color | |
| -dEPSDEBUG | EPS handling | |
| -dFAPIDEBUG | Font API | |
| -dINITDEBUG | Initialization | |
| -dPDFDEBUG | PDF Interpreter | |
| -dPDFOPTDEBUG | PDF Optimizer (Linearizer) | |
| -dPDFWRDEBUG | PDF Writer | |
| -dSETPDDEBUG | setpagedevice | |
| -dSTRESDEBUG | Static Resources | |
| -dTTFDEBUG | TTF Fonts | |
| -dVGIFDEBUG | ViewGIF | |
| -dVJPGDEBUG | ViewJPEG |
The -Z and -T switches apply only if the interpreter was built for a debugging configuration. In the table below, the first column is a debugging switch, the second is an equivalent switch (if any) and the third is its usage.
Switches used in debugging | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switch | Equivalent | |||
| -A | -Z@ | Fill empty storage with a distinctive bit pattern for debugging | ||
| -A- | -Z-@ | Turn off -A | ||
| -Bsize | Run all subsequent files named on the command line (except for -F) through the run_string interface, using a buffer of size bytes | |||
| -B- | Turn off -B: run subsequent files (except for -F) directly in the normal way | |||
| -E | -Z# | Turn on tracing of error returns from operators | ||
| -E- | -Z-# | Turn off -E | ||
| -Ffile | Execute the file with -B1 temporarily in effect | |||
| -Kn | Limit the total amount of memory that the interpreter can have allocated at any one time to nK bytes. n is a positive decimal integer. | |||
| -Mn | Force the interpreter's allocator to acquire additional memory in units of nK bytes, rather than the default 20K. n is a positive decimal integer, on 16-bit systems no greater than 63. | |||
| -Nn | Allocate space for nK names, rather than the default (normally 64K). n may be greater than 64 only if EXTEND_NAMES was defined (in inameidx.h) when the interpreter was compiled . | |||
| -Zxxx -Z-xxx | Turn debugging printout on (off). Each of the xxx
characters selects an option. Case is significant: "a" and
"A" have different meanings.
The following switch affects what is printed, but does not select specific items for printing:
These switches select debugging options other than what should be printed:
| |||
| -Txxx -T-xxx | Turn Visual Trace on (off). Each of the xxx
characters selects an option. Case is significant: "f" and
"F" have different meanings.
| |||
Visual Trace allows to view internal Ghostscript data in a graphical form while execution of C code. Special instructions to be inserted into C code for generating the output. Client application rasterizes it into a window.
Currently the rasterization is implemented for Windows only, in clients gswin32.exe and gswin32c.exe. They open Visual Trace window when graphical debug output appears, -T switch is set, and Ghostscript was built with DEBUG option. There are two important incompletenesses of the implementation :
1. The graphical output uses a hardcoded scale. An advanced client would provide a scale option via user interface.
2. Breaks are not implemented in the client. If you need a step-by-step view, you should use an interactive C debugger to delay execution at breakpoints.
The paper sizes known to Ghostscript are defined at the beginning of the initialization file gs_statd.ps; see the comments there for more details about the definitions. The table here lists them by name and size. gs_statd.ps defines their sizes exactly in points, and the dimensions in inches (at 72 points per inch) and centimeters shown in the table are derived from those, rounded to the nearest 0.1 unit. A guide to international paper sizes can be found at
http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/
Paper sizes known to Ghostscript | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. standard | ||||||||||||||
| Inches | mm | Points | ||||||||||||
| Name | W | × | H | W | × | H | W | × | H | |||||
| 11x17 | 11.0 | 17.0 | 279 | 432 | 792 | 1224 | 11×17in portrait | |||||||
| ledger | 17.0 | 11.0 | 432 | 279 | 1224 | 792 | 11×17in landscape | |||||||
| legal | 8.5 | 14.0 | 216 | 356 | 612 | 1008 | ||||||||
| letter | 8.5 | 11.0 | 216 | 279 | 612 | 792 | ||||||||
| lettersmall | 8.5 | 11.0 | 216 | 279 | 612 | 792 | ||||||||
| archE | 36.0 | 48.0 | 914 | 1219 | 2592 | 3456 | ||||||||
| archD | 24.0 | 36.0 | 610 | 914 | 1728 | 2592 | ||||||||
| archC | 18.0 | 24.0 | 457 | 610 | 1296 | 1728 | ||||||||
| archB | 12.0 | 18.0 | 305 | 457 | 864 | 1296 | ||||||||
| archA | 9.0 | 12.0 | 229 | 305 | 648 | 864 | ||||||||
| ISO standard | ||||||||||||||
| a0 | 33.1 | 46.8 | 841 | 1189 | 2384 | 3370 | ||||||||
| a1 | 23.4 | 33.1 | 594 | 841 | 1684 | 2384 | ||||||||
| a2 | 16.5 | 23.4 | 420 | 594 | 1191 | 1684 | ||||||||
| a3 | 11.7 | 16.5 | 297 | 420 | 842 | 1191 | ||||||||
| a4 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 210 | 297 | 595 | 842 | ||||||||
| a4small | 8.3 | 11.7 | 210 | 297 | 595 | 842 | ||||||||
| a5 | 5.8 | 8.3 | 148 | 210 | 420 | 595 | ||||||||
| a6 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 105 | 148 | 297 | 420 | ||||||||
| a7 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 74 | 105 | 210 | 297 | ||||||||
| a8 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 52 | 74 | 148 | 210 | ||||||||
| a9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 37 | 52 | 105 | 148 | ||||||||
| a10 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 26 | 37 | 73 | 105 | ||||||||
| isob0 | 39.4 | 55.7 | 1000 | 1414 | 2835 | 4008 | ||||||||
| isob1 | 27.8 | 39.4 | 707 | 1000 | 2004 | 2835 | ||||||||
| isob2 | 19.7 | 27.8 | 500 | 707 | 1417 | 2004 | ||||||||
| isob3 | 13.9 | 19.7 | 353 | 500 | 1001 | 1417 | ||||||||
| isob4 | 9.8 | 13.9 | 250 | 353 | 709 | 1001 | ||||||||
| isob5 | 6.9 | 9.8 | 176 | 250 | 499 | 709 | ||||||||
| isob6 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 125 | 176 | 354 | 499 | ||||||||
| c0 | 36.1 | 51.1 | 917 | 1297 | 2599 | 3677 | ||||||||
| c1 | 25.5 | 36.1 | 648 | 917 | 1837 | 2599 | ||||||||
| c2 | 18.0 | 25.5 | 458 | 648 | 1298 | 1837 | ||||||||
| c3 | 12.8 | 18.0 | 324 | 458 | 918 | 1298 | ||||||||
| c4 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 229 | 324 | 649 | 918 | ||||||||
| c5 | 6.4 | 9.0 | 162 | 229 | 459 | 649 | ||||||||
| c6 | 4.5 | 6.4 | 114 | 162 | 323 | 459 | ||||||||
| JIS standard | ||||||||||||||
| jisb0 | 1030 | 1456 | ||||||||||||
| jisb1 | 728 | 1030 | ||||||||||||
| jisb2 | 515 | 728 | ||||||||||||
| jisb3 | 364 | 515 | ||||||||||||
| jisb4 | 257 | 364 | ||||||||||||
| jisb5 | 182 | 257 | ||||||||||||
| jisb6 | 128 | 182 | ||||||||||||
| ISO/JIS switchable | ||||||||||||||
| b0 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| b1 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| b2 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| b3 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| b4 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| b5 (see * below) | ||||||||||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||
| flsa | 8.5 | 13.0 | 216 | 330 | 612 | 936 | U.S. foolscap | |||||||
| flse | 8.5 | 13.0 | 216 | 330 | 612 | 936 | European foolscap | |||||||
| halfletter | 5.5 | 8.5 | 140 | 216 | 396 | 612 | ||||||||
*Note: Initially the B paper sizes are the ISO sizes, e.g., b0 is the same as isob0. Running the file lib/jispaper.ps makes the B paper sizes be the JIS sizes, e.g., b0 becomes the same as jisb0.
AvantGarde-Book: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-R-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-BookOblique: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-O-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-Demi: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-DemiOblique: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-O-Normal--\n\
Bookman-Demi: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
Bookman-DemiItalic: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-I-Normal--\n\
Bookman-Light: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-R-Normal--\n\
Bookman-LightItalic: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-I-Normal--\n\
Courier: -Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Courier-Bold: -Adobe-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Courier-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
Courier-Oblique: -Adobe-Courier-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
Helvetica: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-Bold: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Bold: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Oblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Bold: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Italic: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Roman: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Bold: -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Palatino-BoldItalic: -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Italic: -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Roman: -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Times-Bold: -Adobe-Times-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Times-BoldItalic: -Adobe-Times-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
Times-Italic: -Adobe-Times-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
Times-Roman: -Adobe-Times-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
ZapfChancery-MediumItalic: -Adobe-ITC Zapf Chancery-Medium-I-Normal--
Symbol: -Adobe-Symbol-Medium-R-Normal--
ZapfDingbats: -Adobe-ITC Zapf Dingbats-Medium-R-Normal--
For Sun's X11/NeWS one can use the OpenWindows scalable fonts instead, which gives good output for any point size. In this environment, the relevant section of the resource file should look like this:
Ghostscript.regularFonts: \
AvantGarde-Book: -itc-avantgarde-book-r-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-BookOblique: -itc-avantgarde-book-o-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-Demi: -itc-avantgarde-demi-r-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-DemiOblique: -itc-avantgarde-demi-o-normal-- \n\
Bembo: -monotype-bembo-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Bembo-Bold: -monotype-bembo-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Bembo-BoldItalic: -monotype-bembo-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Bembo-Italic: -monotype-bembo-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Bookman-Demi: -itc-bookman-demi-r-normal-- \n\
Bookman-DemiItalic: -itc-bookman-demi-i-normal-- \n\
Bookman-Light: -itc-bookman-light-r-normal-- \n\
Bookman-LightItalic: -itc-bookman-light-i-normal-- \n\
Courier: -itc-courier-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Courier-Bold: -itc-courier-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Courier-BoldOblique: -itc-courier-bold-o-normal-- \n\
Courier-Oblique: -itc-courier-medium-o-normal-- \n\
GillSans: -monotype-gill-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-Bold: -monotype-gill-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-BoldItalic: -monotype-gill-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-Italic: -monotype-gill-normal-i-normal-sans- \n\
Helvetica: -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-Bold: -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow: -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Bold: -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique: -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Oblique: -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright: -b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-Demi: -b&h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-DemiItalic: -b&h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-Italic: -b&h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal-- \n\
LucidaSans: -b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Bold: -b&h-lucida-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-BoldItalic: -b&h-lucida-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Italic: -b&h-lucida-medium-i-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Typewriter: -b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-TypewriterBold: -b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic: -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-i-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Bold: -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-r-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Italic: -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-i-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Roman: -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Bold: -linotype-palatino-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Palatino-BoldItalic: -linotype-palatino-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Italic: -linotype-palatino-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Roman: -linotype-palatino-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell: -monotype-rockwell-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-Bold: -monotype-rockwell-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-BoldItalic: -monotype-rockwell-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-Italic: -monotype-rockwell-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Bold: -linotype-times-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Times-BoldItalic: -linotype-times-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Italic: -linotype-times-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Roman: -linotype-times-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Bold: -adobe-utopia-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Utopia-BoldItalic: -adobe-utopia-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Italic: -adobe-utopia-regular-i-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Regular: -adobe-utopia-regular-r-normal-- \n\
ZapfChancery-MediumItalic: -itc-zapfchancery-medium-i-normal-- \n
Ghostscript.dingbatFonts: \
ZapfDingbats: -itc-zapfdingbats-medium-r-normal--
Ghostscript.symbolFonts: \
Symbol: --symbol-medium-r-normal--
Font API (FAPI) is a new feature which allows to attach 3d party font renderers to Ghostscript. This section explains how to run Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers, such as UFST or Free Type.
Note: To run Ghostscript with UFST you need a license from Monotype Imaging. Please ignore issues about UFST if you haven't got it.
Important note: Third-party font renderers are incompatible with devices that can embed fonts in their output (such as pdfwrite), because such renderers store fonts in a form from which Ghostscript cannot get the necessary information for embedding. Ghostscript disables such renderers when such device is being used. In particular, UFST and Free Type are disabled while running Ghostscript with the pdfwrite device.
To run Ghostscript with Free Type, you first need to build Ghostscript with the Free Type bridge. Refer How to build Ghostscript with Free Type.
To run Ghostscript with UFST, you first need to build Ghostscript with the UFST bridge. Refer How to build Ghostscript with UFST. Both bridges may run together.
There are 2 ways to handle fonts with a 3d party font renderer (FAPI). First, you can substitute any FAPI-handled font to a resident PostScript font, using special map files FAPIfontmap and FAPIcidfmap. Second, you can redirect PostScript fonts to FAPI, setting entries in FAPIconfig file.
Names FAPIfontmap, FAPIcidfmap, FAPIconfig in this text actually are placeholders, which may be substituted with command line arguments : -sFAPIfontmap=name1 -sFAPIcidfmap=name2 -sFAPIconfig=name3. Ghostscript searches the specified file names as explained in How Ghostscript finds files. Default values for these arguments are equal to argument names. When building Ghostscript with COMPILE_INITS=1, only default values are used.
Font files, which are being handled with FAPI, may reside in any directory in your hard disk. Paths to them to be specified in FAPIfontmap and with special command line arguments, explained below. The path may be either absolute or relative. Relative ones are being resolved from the path, which is specified in FAPIconfig file.
The file FAPIfontmap is actually special PostScript code. It may include records of 2 types : general records and FCO records (see below).
A general record describes a font, which is being rendered with FAPI. They must end with semicolon. Each general record is a pair. The first element of the pair is the font name (the name that PostScript documents use to access the font, which may differ from real name of the font which the font file defines). The second element is a dictionary with entries :
| Key | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Path | string | Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the FontPath value, being specified in FAPIconfig. |
| FontType | interger | PostScript type for this font. Only 1 and 42 are currently allowed. Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file - the bridge will perform a format conversion. |
| FAPI | name | Name of the renderer to be used with the font. Only /UFST and /FreeType are now allowed. |
| SubfontId | integer | (optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC. It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection. Note that Free Type can't handle FCO. Default value is 0. |
| Decoding | name | (optional) The name of a Decoding resource to be used with the font. If specified, lib/xlatmap (see below) doesn't work for this font. |
Example of a general FAPI font map record :
/FCO1 << /Path (/AFPL/UFST/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCLPS3/MT1/PCLP3__F.fco) /FontType 1 /FAPI /UFST >> ;
FCO records work for UFST only. A group of FCO records start with a line name ReadFCOfontmap:, where name is a name of a command line argument, which specify a path to an FCO file. The group of FCO records must end with the line EndFCOfontmap. Each record of a group occupy a single line, and contains a number and 1, 2 or 3 names. The number is the font index in the FCO file, the first name is the Postscript font name, the secong is an Encoding resource name, and the third is a decoding resource name.
Note that FAPIfontmap specifies only instances of Font category. CID fonts to be listed in another map file.
Ghostscript distribution includes sample map files gs/lib/FAPIfontmap, gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS2, gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS3, gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PS3, which may be customized by the user. The last 3 ones include an information about UFST FCO files.
The file FAPIcidfmap defines a mapping table for CIDFont resources. It contains records for each CID font being rendered with FAPI. The format is similar to FAPIfontmap, but dictionaries must contain few different entries :
| Key | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Path | string | Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the CIDFontPath value, being specified in FAPIconfig. |
| CIDFontType | interger | PostScript type for this CID font. Only 0, 1 and 2 are currently allowed. Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file - the bridge will perform format conversion. |
| FAPI | name | Name of the renderer to be used with the font. Only /UFST and /FreeType are now allowed. |
| SubfontId | integer | (optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC. It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection. Default value is 0. |
| CSI | array of 2 elements | (required) Information for building CIDSystemInfo. The first element is a string, which specifies Ordering. The second element is a number, which specifies Supplement. |
Example of FAPI CID font map record :
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5 << /Path (/WIN2000/Fonts/PMINGLIU.TTF) /CIDFontType 0 /FAPI /UFST /CSI [(Japan1) 2] >> ;
The control file FAPIconfig defines 4 entries :
| Key | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FontPath | string | Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts. Used to resolve relative paths in FAPIfontmap. |
| CIDFontPath | string | Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts to substitute to CID fonts. Used to resolve relative paths in FAPIcidfmap. It may be same or different than FontPath. |
| HookDiskFonts | array of integers. | List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI. This controls other fonts that ones listed in FAPIfontmap and FAPIcidfmap - such ones are PS fonts installed to Ghostscript with lib/fontmap or with GS_FONTPATH, or regular CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer. Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11 correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2. |
| HookEmbeddedFonts | array of integers. | List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI. This controls fonts being embedded into a document - either fonts or CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer. Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11 correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2. |
Ghostscript distribution includes sample config files gs/lib/FAPIconfig, gs/lib/FAPIconfig-FCO. which may be customized by the user. The last ones defines the configuration for handling resident UFST fonts only.
In special cases you may need to customize the file lib/xlatmap. Follow instructions in it.
Some UFST font collections need a path for finding an UFST plugin. If you run UFST with such font collection, you should run Ghostscript with a special command line argument -sUFST_PlugIn=path, where path specifies a disk path to the UFST plugin file, which Monotype Imaging distributes in ufst/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCL45/MT3/plug__xi.fco. If UFST needs it and the command line argument is not specified, Ghostscript prints a warning and searches plugin file in the current directory.
If you want to run UFST with resident UFST fonts only (and allow Ghostscript font renderer to handle fons, which may be downloaded or embedded into documents), you should run Ghostscript with these command line arguments : -sFCOfontfile=path1 -sFCOfontfile2=path2 -sUFST_PlugIn=path3 -sFAPIfontmap=map-name -sFAPIconfig=FAPIconfig-FCO where path1 specifies a disk path to the main FCO file, path2 specifies a disk path to the Wingdings FCO file, path3 a disk path the FCO plugin file, path1 is either gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS2, gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS3, or gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PS3. FAPIcidfmap works as usual, but probably you want to leave it empty because FCO doesn't emulate CID fonts.
Some configurations of UFST need a path for finding symbol set files. If you compiled UFST with such configuration, you should run Ghostscript with a special command line argument -sUFST_SSdir=path, where path specifies a disk path to the UFST support directory, which Monotype Imagong distributes in ufst/fontdata/SUPPORT. If UFST needs it and the command line argument is not specified, Ghostscript prints a warning and searches symbol set files in the current directory.
Note that UFST and Free Type cannot handle some Ghostscript fonts because they does not include a PostScript interpreter and therefore has stronger restrictions on font formats than Ghostscript itself does. If their font types are listed in HookDiskFonts or in HookEmbeddedFonts, Ghostscript interpret them as PS files, then serializes font data into a RAM buffer and passes it to FAPI as PCLEOs.
Copyright © 2000-2006 Artifex Software, Inc. All rights reserved.
This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or implied. This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that license. Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com/ or contact Artifex Software, Inc., 7 Mt. Lassen Drive - Suite A-134, San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861, for further information.
Ghostscript version 8.62, 29 February 2008