mm(3)
NAME
OSSP mm - Shared Memory Allocation
VERSION
OSSP mm 1.4.2 (15-Aug-2006)
SYNOPSIS
#include "mm.h"
Global Malloc-Replacement API
int MM_create(size_t size, const char *file);
int MM_permission(mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
void MM_reset(void);
void MM_destroy(void);
int MM_lock(mm_lock_mode mode);
int MM_unlock(void);
void *MM_malloc(size_t size);
void *MM_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
void MM_free(void *ptr);
void *MM_calloc(size_t number, size_t size);
char *MM_strdup(const char *str);
size_t MM_sizeof(void *ptr);
size_t MM_maxsize(void);
size_t MM_available(void);
char *MM_error(void);
Standard Malloc-Style API
MM *mm_create(size_t size, char *file);
int mm_permission(MM *mm, mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
void mm_reset(MM *mm);
void mm_destroy(MM *mm);
int mm_lock(MM *mm, mm_lock_mode mode);
int mm_unlock(MM *mm);
void *mm_malloc(MM *mm, size_t size);
void *mm_realloc(MM *mm, void *ptr, size_t size);
void mm_free(MM *mm, void *ptr);
void *mm_calloc(MM *mm, size_t number, size_t size);
char *mm_strdup(MM *mm, const char *str);
size_t mm_sizeof(MM *mm, void *ptr);
size_t mm_maxsize(void);
size_t mm_available(MM *mm);
char *mm_error(void);
void mm_display_info(MM *mm);
Low-level Shared Memory API
void *mm_core_create(size_t size, char *file);
int mm_core_permission(void *core, mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
void mm_core_delete(void *core);
int mm_core_lock(void *core, mm_lock_mode mode);
int mm_core_unlock(void *core);
size_t mm_core_size(void *core);
size_t mm_core_maxsegsize(void);
size_t mm_core_align2page(size_t size);
size_t mm_core_align2click(size_t size);
Internal Library API
void mm_lib_error_set(unsigned int, const char *str);
char *mm_lib_error_get(void);
int mm_lib_version(void);
DESCRIPTION
The OSSP mm library is a 2-layer abstraction library which simplifies
the usage of shared memory between forked (and this way strongly
related) processes under Unix platforms. On the first (lower) layer it
hides all platform dependent implementation details (allocation and
locking) when dealing with shared memory segments and on the second
(higher) layer it provides a high-level malloc(3)-style API for a con-
venient and well known way to work with data-structures inside those
shared memory segments.
The abbreviation OSSP mm is historically and originally comes from the
phrase ``memory mapped'' as used by the POSIX.1 mmap(2) function.
Because this facility is internally used by this library on most plat-
forms to establish the shared memory segments.
LIBRARY STRUCTURE
This library is structured into three main APIs which are internally
based on each other:
Global Malloc-Replacement API
This is the most high-level API which directly can be used as
replacement API for the POSIX.1 memory allocation API (malloc(2)
and friends). This is useful when converting heap based data struc-
tures to shared memory based data structures without the need to
change the code dramatically. All which is needed is to prefix the
POSIX.1 memory allocation functions with `"MM_"', i.e. `"malloc"'
becomes `"MM_malloc"', `"strdup"' becomes `"MM_strdup"', etc. This
API internally uses just a global `"MM *"' pool for calling the
corresponding functions (those with prefix `"mm_"') of the Standard
Malloc-Style API.
Standard Malloc-Style API
This is the standard high-level memory allocation API. Its inter-
face is similar to the Global Malloc-Replacement API but it uses an
explicit `"MM *"' pool to operate on. That is why every function of
this API has an argument of type `"MM *"' as its first argument.
This API provides a comfortable way to work with small dynamically
allocated shared memory chunks inside large statically allocated
shared memory segments. It is internally based on the Low-Level
Shared Memory API for creating the underlying shared memory seg-
ment.
Low-Level Shared Memory API
This is the basis of the whole OSSP mm library. It provides low-
level functions for creating shared memory segments with mutual
exclusion (in short mutex) capabilities in a portable way. Inter-
nally the shared memory and mutex facility is implemented in vari-
ous platform-dependent ways. A list of implementation variants fol-
lows under the next topic.
SHARED MEMORY IMPLEMENTATION
Internally the shared memory facility is implemented in various plat-
form-dependent ways. Each way has its own advantages and disadvantages
(in addition to the fact that some variants aren't available at all on
some platforms). The OSSP mm library's configuration procedure tries
hard to make a good decision. The implemented variants are now given
for overview and background reasons with their advantages and disadvan-
tages and in an ascending order, i.e. the OSSP mm configuration mecha-
nism chooses the last available one in the list as the preferred vari-
ant.
Classical mmap(2) on temporary file (MMFILE)
Advantage: maximum portable. Disadvantage: needs a temporary file
on the filesystem.
mmap(2) via POSIX.1 shm_open(3) on temporary file (MMPOSX)
Advantage: standardized by POSIX.1 and theoretically portable.
Disadvantage: needs a temporary file on the filesystem and is is
usually not available on existing Unix platform.
SVR4-style mmap(2) on "/dev/zero" device (MMZERO)
Advantage: widely available and mostly portable on SVR4 platforms.
Disadvantage: needs the "/dev/zero" device and a mmap(2) which sup-
ports memory mapping through this device.
SysV IPC shmget(2) (IPCSHM)
Advantage: does not need a temporary file or external device. Dis-
advantage: although available on mostly all modern Unix platforms,
it has strong restrictions like the maximum size of a single shared
memory segment (can be as small as 100KB, but depends on the plat-
form).
4.4BSD-style mmap(2) via "MAP_ANON" facility (MMANON)
Advantage: does not need a temporary file or external device. Dis-
advantage: usually only available on BSD platforms and derivatives.
LOCKING IMPLEMENTATION
As for the shared memory facility, internally the locking facility is
implemented in various platform-dependent ways. They are again listed
in ascending order, i.e. the OSSP mm configuration mechanism chooses
the last available one in the list as the preferred variant. The list
of implemented variants is:
4.2BSD-style flock(2) on temporary file (FLOCK)
Advantage: exists on a lot of platforms, especially on older Unix
derivatives. Disadvantage: needs a temporary file on the filesystem
and has to re-open file-descriptors to it in each(!) fork(2)'ed
child process.
SysV IPC semget(2) (IPCSEM)
Advantage: exists on a lot of platforms and does not need a tempo-
rary file. Disadvantage: an unmeant termination of the application
leads to a semaphore leak because the facility does not allow a
``remove in advance'' trick (as the IPC shared memory facility
does) for safe cleanups.
SVR4-style fcntl(2) on temporary file (FCNTL)
Advantage: exists on a lot of platforms and is also the most power-
ful variant (although not always the fastest one). Disadvantage:
needs a temporary file.
MEMORY ALLOCATION STRATEGY
The memory allocation strategy the Standard Malloc-Style API functions
use internally is the following:
Allocation
If a chunk of memory has to be allocated, the internal list of free
chunks is searched for a minimal-size chunk which is larger or
equal than the size of the to be allocated chunk (a best fit strat-
egy).
If a chunk is found which matches this best-fit criteria, but is
still a lot larger than the requested size, it is split into two
chunks: One with exactly the requested size (which is the resulting
chunk given back) and one with the remaining size (which is immedi-
ately re-inserted into the list of free chunks).
If no fitting chunk is found at all in the list of free chunks, a
new one is created from the spare area of the shared memory segment
until the segment is full (in which case an out of memory error
occurs).
Deallocation
If a chunk of memory has to be deallocated, it is inserted in
sorted manner into the internal list of free chunks. The insertion
operation automatically merges the chunk with a previous and/or a
next free chunk if possible, i.e. if the free chunks stay physi-
cally seamless (one after another) in memory, to automatically form
larger free chunks out of smaller ones.
This way the shared memory segment is automatically defragmented
when memory is deallocated.
This strategy reduces memory waste and fragmentation caused by small
and frequent allocations and deallocations to a minimum.
The internal implementation of the list of free chunks is not specially
optimized (for instance by using binary search trees or even splay
trees, etc), because it is assumed that the total amount of entries in
the list of free chunks is always small (caused both by the fact that
shared memory segments are usually a lot smaller than heaps and the
fact that we always defragment by merging the free chunks if possible).
API FUNCTIONS
In the following, all API functions are described in detail. The order
directly follows the one in the SYNOPSIS section above.
Global Malloc-Replacement API
int MM_create(size_t size, const char *file);
This initializes the global shared memory pool with size and file
and has to be called before any fork(2) operations are performed by
the application.
int MM_permission(mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
This sets the filesystem mode, owner and group for the global
shared memory pool (has effects only if the underlying shared mem-
ory segment implementation is actually based on external auxiliary
files). The arguments are directly passed through to chmod(2) and
chown(2).
void MM_reset(void);
This resets the global shared memory pool: all chunks that have
been allocated in the pool are marked as free and are eligible for
reuse. The global memory pool itself is not destroyed.
void MM_destroy(void);
This destroys the global shared memory pool and should be called
after all child processes were killed.
int MM_lock(mm_lock_mode mode);
This locks the global shared memory pool for the current process in
order to perform either shared/read-only (mode is "MM_LOCK_RD") or
exclusive/read-write (mode is "MM_LOCK_RW") critical operations
inside the global shared memory pool.
int MM_unlock(void);
This unlocks the global shared memory pool for the current process
after the critical operations were performed inside the global
shared memory pool.
void *MM_malloc(size_t size);
Identical to the POSIX.1 malloc(3) function but instead of allocat-
ing memory from the heap it allocates it from the global shared
memory pool.
void MM_free(void *ptr);
Identical to the POSIX.1 free(3) function but instead of deallocat-
ing memory in the heap it deallocates it in the global shared mem-
ory pool.
void *MM_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
Identical to the POSIX.1 realloc(3) function but instead of reallo-
cating memory in the heap it reallocates it inside the global
shared memory pool.
void *MM_calloc(size_t number, size_t size);
Identical to the POSIX.1 calloc(3) function but instead of allocat-
ing and initializing memory from the heap it allocates and initial-
izes it from the global shared memory pool.
char *MM_strdup(const char *str);
Identical to the POSIX.1 strdup(3) function but instead of creating
the string copy in the heap it creates it in the global shared mem-
ory pool.
size_t MM_sizeof(const void *ptr);
This function returns the size in bytes of the chunk starting at
ptr when ptr was previously allocated with MM_malloc(3). The result
is undefined if ptr was not previously allocated with MM_malloc(3).
size_t MM_maxsize(void);
This function returns the maximum size which is allowed as the
first argument to the MM_create(3) function.
size_t MM_available(void);
Returns the amount in bytes of still available (free) memory in the
global shared memory pool.
char *MM_error(void);
Returns the last error message which occurred inside the OSSP mm
library.
Standard Malloc-Style API
MM *mm_create(size_t size, const char *file);
This creates a shared memory pool which has space for approximately
a total of size bytes with the help of file. Here file is a
filesystem path to a file which need not to exist (and perhaps is
never created because this depends on the platform and chosen
shared memory and mutex implementation). The return value is a
pointer to a "MM" structure which should be treated as opaque by
the application. It describes the internals of the created shared
memory pool. In case of an error "NULL" is returned. A size of 0
means to allocate the maximum allowed size which is platform depen-
dent and is between a few KB and the soft limit of 64MB.
int mm_permission(MM *mm, mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t group);
This sets the filesystem mode, owner and group for the shared mem-
ory pool mm (has effects only when the underlying shared memory
segment implementation is actually based on external auxiliary
files). The arguments are directly passed through to chmod(2) and
chown(2).
void mm_reset(MM *mm);
This resets the shared memory pool mm: all chunks that have been
allocated in the pool are marked as free and are eligible for re-
use. The memory pool itself is not destroyed.
void mm_destroy(MM *mm);
This destroys the complete shared memory pool mm and with it all
chunks which were allocated in this pool. Additionally any created
files on the filesystem corresponding to the shared memory pool are
unlinked.
int mm_lock(MM *mm, mm_lock_mode mode);
This locks the shared memory pool mm for the current process in
order to perform either shared/read-only (mode is "MM_LOCK_RD") or
exclusive/read-write (mode is "MM_LOCK_RW") critical operations
inside the global shared memory pool.
int mm_unlock(MM *mm);
This unlocks the shared memory pool mm for the current process
after critical operations were performed inside the global shared
memory pool.
void *mm_malloc(MM *mm, size_t size);
This function allocates size bytes from the shared memory pool mm
and returns either a (virtual memory word aligned) pointer to it or
"NULL" in case of an error (out of memory). It behaves like the
POSIX.1 malloc(3) function but instead of allocating memory from
the heap it allocates it from the shared memory segment underlying
mm.
void mm_free(MM *mm, void *ptr);
This deallocates the chunk starting at ptr in the shared memory
pool mm. It behaves like the POSIX.1 free(3) function but instead
of deallocating memory from the heap it deallocates it from the
shared memory segment underlying mm.
void *mm_realloc(MM *mm, void *ptr, size_t size);
This function reallocates the chunk starting at ptr inside the
shared memory pool mm with the new size of size bytes. It behaves
like the POSIX.1 realloc(3) function but instead of reallocating
memory in the heap it reallocates it in the shared memory segment
underlying mm.
void *mm_calloc(MM *mm, size_t number, size_t size);
This is similar to mm_malloc(3), but additionally clears the chunk.
It behaves like the POSIX.1 calloc(3) function. It allocates space
for number objects, each size bytes in length from the shared mem-
ory pool mm. The result is identical to calling mm_malloc(3) with
an argument of ``number * size'', with the exception that the allo-
cated memory is initialized to nul bytes.
char *mm_strdup(MM *mm, const char *str);
This function behaves like the POSIX.1 strdup(3) function. It
allocates sufficient memory inside the shared memory pool mm for a
copy of the string str, does the copy, and returns a pointer to it.
The pointer may subsequently be used as an argument to the function
mm_free(3). If insufficient shared memory is available, "NULL" is
returned.
size_t mm_sizeof(MM *mm, const void *ptr);
This function returns the size in bytes of the chunk starting at
ptr when ptr was previously allocated with mm_malloc(3) inside the
shared memory pool mm. The result is undefined when ptr was not
previously allocated with mm_malloc(3).
size_t mm_maxsize(void);
This function returns the maximum size which is allowed as the
first argument to the mm_create(3) function.
size_t mm_available(MM *mm);
Returns the amount in bytes of still available (free) memory in the
shared memory pool mm.
char *mm_error(void);
Returns the last error message which occurred inside the OSSP mm
library.
void mm_display_info(MM *mm);
This is debugging function which displays a summary page for the
shared memory pool mm describing various internal sizes and coun-
ters.
Low-Level Shared Memory API
void *mm_core_create(size_t size, const char *file);
This creates a shared memory area which is at least size bytes in
size with the help of file. The value size has to be greater than 0
and less or equal the value returned by mm_core_maxsegsize(3). Here
file is a filesystem path to a file which need not to exist (and
perhaps is never created because this depends on the platform and
chosen shared memory and mutex implementation). The return value
is either a (virtual memory word aligned) pointer to the shared
memory segment or "NULL" in case of an error. The application is
guaranteed to be able to access the shared memory segment from byte
0 to byte size-1 starting at the returned address.
int mm_core_permission(void *core, mode_t mode, uid_t owner, gid_t
group);
This sets the filesystem mode, owner and group for the shared mem-
ory segment code (has effects only when the underlying shared mem-
ory segment implementation is actually based on external auxiliary
files). The arguments are directly passed through to chmod(2) and
chown(2).
void mm_core_delete(void *core);
This deletes a shared memory segment core (as previously returned
by a mm_core_create(3) call). After this operation, accessing the
segment starting at core is no longer allowed and will usually lead
to a segmentation fault.
int mm_core_lock(const void *core, mm_lock_mode mode);
This function acquires an advisory lock for the current process on
the shared memory segment core for either shared/read-only (mode is
"MM_LOCK_RD") or exclusive/read-write (mode is "MM_LOCK_RW") criti-
cal operations between fork(2)'ed child processes.
int mm_core_unlock(const void *core);
This function releases a previously acquired advisory lock for the
current process on the shared memory segment core.
size_t mm_core_size(const void *core);
This returns the size in bytes of core. This size is exactly the
size which was used for creating the shared memory area via
mm_core_create(3). The function is provided just for convenience
reasons to not require the application to remember the memory size
behind core itself.
size_t mm_core_maxsegsize(void);
This returns the number of bytes of a maximum-size shared memory
segment which is allowed to allocate via the MM library. It is
between a few KB and the soft limit of 64MB.
size_t mm_core_align2page(size_t size);
This is just a utility function which can be used to align the num-
ber size to the next virtual memory page boundary used by the
underlying platform. The memory page boundary under Unix platforms
is usually somewhere between 2048 and 16384 bytes. You do not have
to align the size arguments of other OSSP mm library functions
yourself, because this is already done internally. This function
is exported by the OSSP mm library just for convenience reasons in
case an application wants to perform similar calculations for other
purposes.
size_t mm_core_align2word(size_t size);
This is another utility function which can be used to align the
number size to the next virtual memory word boundary used by the
underlying platform. The memory word boundary under Unix platforms
is usually somewhere between 4 and 16 bytes. You do not have to
align the size arguments of other OSSP mm library functions your-
self, because this is already done internally. This function is
exported by the OSSP mm library just for convenience reasons in
case an application wants to perform similar calculations for other
purposes.
Low-Level Shared Memory API
void mm_lib_error_set(unsigned int, const char *str);
This is a function which is used internally by the various MM func-
tion to set an error string. It's usually not called directly from
applications.
char *mm_lib_error_get(void);
This is a function which is used internally by MM_error(3) and
mm_error(3) functions to get the current error string. It is usu-
ally not called directly from applications.
int mm_lib_version(void);
This function returns a hex-value ``0xVRRTLL'' which describes the
current OSSP mm library version. V is the version, RR the revi-
sions, LL the level and T the type of the level (alphalevel=0,
betalevel=1, patchlevel=2, etc). For instance OSSP mm version 1.0.4
is encoded as 0x100204. The reason for this unusual mapping is
that this way the version number is steadily increasing.
RESTRICTIONS
The maximum size of a continuous shared memory segment one can allocate
depends on the underlying platform. This cannot be changed, of course.
But currently the high-level malloc(3)-style API just uses a single
shared memory segment as the underlying data structure for an "MM"
object which means that the maximum amount of memory an "MM" object
represents also depends on the platform.
This could be changed in later versions by allowing at least the high-
level malloc(3)-style API to internally use multiple shared memory seg-
ments to form the "MM" object. This way "MM" objects could have arbi-
trary sizes, although the maximum size of an allocatable continuous
chunk still is bounded by the maximum size of a shared memory segment.
SEE ALSO
mm-config(1).
malloc(3), calloc(3), realloc(3), strdup(3), free(3), mmap(2),
shmget(2), shmctl(2), flock(2), fcntl(2), semget(2), semctl(2),
semop(2).
HOME
http://www.ossp.org/pkg/lib/mm/
HISTORY
This library was originally written in January 1999 by Ralf S.
Engelschall <rse@engelschall.com> for use in the Extended API (EAPI) of
the Apache HTTP server project (see http://www.apache.org/), which was
originally invented for mod_ssl (see http://www.modssl.org/).
Its base idea (a malloc-style API for handling shared memory) was orig-
inally derived from the non-publically available mm_malloc library
written in October 1997 by Charles Randall <crandall@matchlogic.com>
for MatchLogic, Inc.
In 2000 this library joined the OSSP project where all other software
development projects of Ralf S. Engelschall are located.
AUTHOR
Ralf S. Engelschall
rse@engelschall.com
www.engelschall.com
15-Aug-2006 MMu::work::opensrc::gwxlibs::src::mm::mm(3)
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