dnssec-signzone(8)
NAME
dnssec-signzone - DNSSEC zone signing tool
SYNOPSIS
dnssec-signzone [-a] [-c class] [-d directory] [-D] [-E engine]
[-e end-time] [-f output-file] [-g] [-h] [-i interval]
[-I input-format] [-j jitter] [-K directory] [-k key]
[-L serial] [-l domain] [-M maxttl]
[-N soa-serial-format] [-o origin] [-O output-format]
[-P] [-p] [-R] [-r randomdev] [-S] [-s start-time]
[-T ttl] [-t] [-u] [-v level] [-V]
[-X extended end-time] [-x] [-z] [-3 salt]
[-H iterations] [-A] {zonefile} [key...]
DESCRIPTION
dnssec-signzone signs a zone. It generates NSEC and RRSIG records and
produces a signed version of the zone. The security status of
delegations from the signed zone (that is, whether the child zones are
secure or not) is determined by the presence or absence of a keyset
file for each child zone.
OPTIONS
-a
Verify all generated signatures.
-c class
Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
-C
Compatibility mode: Generate a keyset-zonename file in addition to
dsset-zonename when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
dnssec-signzone.
-d directory
Look for dsset- or keyset- files in directory.
-D
Output only those record types automatically managed by
dnssec-signzone, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If
smart signing (-S) is used, DNSKEY records are also included. The
resulting file can be included in the original zone file with
$INCLUDE. This option cannot be combined with -O raw, -O map, or
serial number updating.
-E engine
When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing.
When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults to
the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine that can
drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module. When
BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
(--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
-g
Generate DS records for child zones from dsset- or keyset- file.
Existing DS records will be removed.
-K directory
Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If
not specified, defaults to the current directory.
-k key
Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any key flags.
This option may be specified multiple times.
-l domain
Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets. The
domain is appended to the name of the records.
-M maxttl
Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone. Any TTL higher than
maxttl in the input zone will be reduced to maxttl in the output.
This provides certainty as to the largest possible TTL in the
signed zone, which is useful to know when rolling keys because it
is the longest possible time before signatures that have been
retrieved by resolvers will expire from resolver caches. Zones that
are signed with this option should be configured to use a matching
max-zone-ttl in named.conf. (Note: This option is incompatible with
-D, because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
-s start-time
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become
valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute
start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation;
20000530144500 denotes 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative
start time is indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current
time. If no start-time is specified, the current time minus 1 hour
(to allow for clock skew) is used.
-e end-time
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire.
As with start-time, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with +N,
which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the
current time is indicated with now+N. If no end-time is specified,
30 days from the start time is used as a default. end-time must be
later than start-time.
-X extended end-time
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records for the
DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases when the
DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than signatures on other
records; e.g., when the private component of the KSK is kept
offline and the KSK signature is to be refreshed manually.
As with start-time, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with +N,
which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the
current time is indicated with now+N. If no extended end-time is
specified, the value of end-time is used as the default. (end-time,
in turn, defaults to 30 days from the start time.) extended
end-time must be later than start-time.
-f output-file
The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default
is to append .signed to the input filename. If output-file is set
to "-", then the signed zone is written to the standard output,
with a default output format of "full".
-h
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
dnssec-signzone.
-V
Prints version information.
-i interval
When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records may be
resigned. The interval option specifies the cycle interval as an
offset from the current time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record
expires after the cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is
considered to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference between
the signature end and start times. So if neither end-time or
start-time are specified, dnssec-signzone generates signatures that
are valid for 30 days, with a cycle interval of 7.5 days.
Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in less
than 7.5 days, they would be replaced.
-I input-format
The format of the input zone file. Possible formats are "text"
(default), "raw", and "map". This option is primarily intended to
be used for dynamic signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a
non-text format containing updates can be signed directly. The use
of this option does not make much sense for non-dynamic zones.
-j jitter
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG
records issued at the time of signing expires simultaneously. If
the zone is incrementally signed, i.e. a previously-signed zone is
passed as input to the signer, all expired signatures have to be
regenerated at about the same time. The jitter option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature expire
time, thus spreading incremental signature regeneration over time.
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits validators
and servers by spreading out cache expiration, i.e. if large
numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time from all caches
there will be less congestion than if all validators need to
refetch at mostly the same time.
-L serial
When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
"source serial" value in the header to the specified serial number.
(This is expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)
-n ncpus
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is
started for each detected CPU.
-N soa-serial-format
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats
are "keep" (default), "increment" and "unixtime".
"keep"
Do not modify the SOA serial number.
"increment"
Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982 arithmetics.
"unixtime"
Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds since epoch.
-o origin
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
-O output-format
The format of the output file containing the signed zone. Possible
formats are "text" (default), which is the standard textual
representation of the zone; "full", which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts; and "map",
"raw", and "raw=N", which store the zone in binary formats for
rapid loading by named. "raw=N" specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by any
version of named; if N is 1, the file can be read by release 9.9.0
or higher; the default is 1.
-p
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster, but
less secure, than using real random data. This option may be useful
when signing large zones or when the entropy source is limited.
-P
Disable post sign verification tests.
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm in
use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key, that all
revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records in the zone
are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.
-Q
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the
signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and replaced with a
new one, signatures from the old key that are still within their
validity period are retained. This allows the zone to continue to
validate with cached copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The -Q forces
dnssec-signzone to remove signatures from keys that are no longer
active. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
-R
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
This option is similar to -Q, except it forces dnssec-signzone to
signatures from keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK
rollover using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
-r randomdev
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating system does
not provide a /dev/random or equivalent device, the default source
of randomness is keyboard input. randomdev specifies the name of a
character device or file containing random data to be used instead
of the default. The special value keyboard indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
-S
Smart signing: Instructs dnssec-signzone to search the key
repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to
include them in the zone if appropriate.
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to determine
how it should be used, according to the following rules. Each
successive rule takes priority over the prior ones:
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the key is
published (regardless of publication date) and used to sign the
zone.
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
-T ttl
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported into the
zone from the key repository. If not specified, the default is the
TTL value from the zone's SOA record. This option is ignored when
signing without -S, since DNSKEY records are not imported from the
key repository in that case. It is also ignored if there are any
pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex, in which case new
records' TTL values will be set to match them, or if any of the
imported DNSKEY records had a default TTL value. In the event of a
a conflict between TTL values in imported keys, the shortest one is
used.
-t
Print statistics at completion.
-u
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed zone.
With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3,
or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with
different parameters. Without this option, dnssec-signzone will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
-v level
Sets the debugging level.
-x
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes; zone option in named.)
-z
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This causes
KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset.
(This is similar to the update-check-ksk no; zone option in named.)
-3 salt
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt. A dash
(salt) can be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when
generating the NSEC3 chain.
-H iterations
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
default is 10.
-A
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3
records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.
Using this option twice (i.e., -AA) turns the OPTOUT flag off for
all records. This is useful when using the -u option to modify an
NSEC3 chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
zonefile
The file containing the zone to be signed.
key
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are
specified, then the zone will be examined for DNSKEY records at the
zone apex. If these are found and there are matching private keys,
in the current directory, then these will be used for signing.
EXAMPLE
The following command signs the example.com zone with the DSA key
generated by dnssec-keygen (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the -S
option is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(db.example.com). This invocation looks for dsset files, in the current
directory, so that DS records can be imported from them (-g).
% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%
In the above example, dnssec-signzone creates the file
db.example.com.signed. This file should be referenced in a zone
statement in a named.conf file.
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%
SEE ALSO
dnssec-keygen(8), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 4033, RFC
4641.
AUTHOR
Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2004-2009, 2011-2017 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
("ISC")
Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
ISC 2014-02-18 DNSSEC-SIGNZONE(8)
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