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priocntl -d [-i idtype] [idlist]
priocntl -s [-c class] [class-specific options] [-i idtype] [idlist]
priocntl -e [-c class] [class-specific options] command [argument(s)]
priocntl -r size [-i idtype] [idlist]
priocntl -t interval [-i idtype] [idlist]
priocntl -q init min max [-i idtype] [idlist]
priocntl -g [-i idtype] [idlist]
Processes fall into distinct classes with a separate scheduling policy applied to each class. The two process classes currently supported are the fixed priority class and the time-sharing class. The characteristics of these two classes and the class-specific options they accept are described under the headings ``Fixed priority class'' and ``Time-sharing class''. With appropriate permissions, the priocntl command can change the class and other scheduling parameters associated with a running process.
In the default configuration, a runnable fixed priority process runs before any other process. Therefore, inappropriate use of fixed priority processes can have a dramatic negative impact on system performance.
The command priocntl -l displays a list of classes currently configured in the system along with class-specific information about each class. The format of the class-specific information displayed is described under the appropriate heading below.
The -d and -s options to priocntl allow the user to display or set the scheduling parameters associated with a set of light-weight processes, or LWPs. The -i option and its associated idtype argument, together with the idlist arguments to priocntl (if any), specify one or more LWPs to which the priocntl command is to apply. The interpretation of idlist depends on the value of idtype. The valid idtype arguments and corresponding interpretations of idlist are as follows:
If the -i idtype option is omitted when using the -d or -s options the default idtype of pid is assumed.
If an idlist is present it must appear last on the command line and the elements of the list must be separated by white space. If no idlist is present an idtype argument of pid, ppid, pgid, sid, class, uid, or gid specifies the process ID, parent process ID, process group ID, session ID, class, user ID, or group ID, respectively, of the priocntl command itself.
The command
priocntl -d [-i idtype] [idlist]
displays the class and class-specific scheduling parameters of the LWPs specified by idtype and idlist.
The command
priocntl -s [-c class] [class-specific options] [-i idtype] [idlist]
sets the class and class-specific parameters of the specified processes to the values given on the command line. The -c class option specifies the class to be set. (The valid class arguments are ``FP'' for fixed priority or ``TS'' for time-sharing.) The class-specific parameters to be set are specified by the class-specific options as explained under the appropriate heading below. If the -c class option is omitted, idtype and idlist must specify a set of LWPs that are all in the same class, otherwise an error results. If no class-specific options are specified the process's class-specific parameters are set to the default values for the class specified by -c class (or to the default parameter values for the process's current class if the -c class option is also omitted).
To change the scheduling parameters of a process using priocntl the real or effective user ID of the user invoking priocntl must match the real or effective user ID of the receiving LWP the user must be a privileged user. These are the minimum permission requirements enforced for all classes. An individual class can impose additional permissions requirements when setting processes to that class or when setting class-specific scheduling parameters.
When idtype and idlist specify a set of processes, priocntl acts on the processes in the set in an implementation-specific order. If priocntl encounters an error for one or more of the target processes, it may or may not continue through the set of processes, depending on the error. If the error is related to permissions, priocntl prints an error message and then continues through the process set, resetting the parameters for all target processes for which the user has appropriate permissions. If priocntl encounters an error other than permissions, it does not continue through the process set but prints an error message and exits immediately.
A special ``sys'' scheduling class exists for scheduling the execution of certain special system processes (such as the swapper process). It is not possible to change the class of any process to ``sys''. In addition, any processes in the ``sys'' class that are included in the set of processes specified by idtype and idlist are disregarded by priocntl. For example, if idtype were ``uid'', an idlist consisting of a zero would specify all processes with a UID of zero except processes in the ``sys'' class and (if changing the parameters using the -s option) the init process.
The init process can be assigned to any class configured on the system; however, the time-sharing class is almost always the appropriate choice. (Other choices can be highly undesirable; see your system administration documentation for more information.)
The command
priocntl -e [-c class] [class-specific options] command [argument(s)]
executes the specified command with the class and scheduling parameters specified on the command line (arguments are the arguments to the command). If the -c class option is omitted the command is run in the user's current class.
The fixed priority class has a range of fixed priority (fppri)
values that can be assigned to processes within the class.
Fixed priority priorities range from 0 to x,
where the value of x
is configurable and can be displayed for a specific installation by using
the command
priocntl -l
The fixed priority scheduling policy is a fixed priority policy. The scheduling priority of a fixed priority process never changes except as the result of an explicit request by the user/application to change the fppri value of the process.
For processes in the fixed priority class, the fppri value is, for all practical purposes, equivalent to the scheduling priority of the process. The fppri value completely determines the scheduling priority of a fixed priority process relative to other processes within its class. Numerically higher fppri values represent higher priorities. Since the fixed priority class controls the highest range of scheduling priorities in the system it is guaranteed that the runnable fixed priority process with the highest fppri value is always selected to run before any other process in the system.
In addition to providing control over priority, priocntl provides for control over the length of the time quantum allotted to processes in the fixed priority class. The time quantum value specifies the maximum amount of time a process can run if it does not complete or enter a resource or event wait state (sleep). Note that if another process becomes runnable at a higher priority the currently running process can be preempted before receiving its full time quantum.
The command
priocntl -d [-i idtype] [idlist]
displays the fixed priority and time quantum (in millisecond resolution) for each fixed priority process in the set specified by idtype and idlist.
The valid class-specific options for setting fixed priority parameters are:
When using the -t tqntm option, optionally you can specify a resolution using the -r res option. (If no resolution is specified, millisecond resolution is assumed.) If res is specified it must be a positive integer between 1 and 1,000,000,000 inclusive and the resolution used is the reciprocal of res in seconds. For example, specifying -t 10 -r 100 would set the resolution to hundredths of a second and the resulting time quantum length would be 10/100 seconds (one tenth of a second). Although very fine (nanosecond) resolution can be specified, the time quantum length is rounded up by the system to the next integral multiple of the system clock's resolution. The system clock's resolution is hardware-dependent; this resolution can be calculated from the value of HZ, which is defined in the file /usr/include/sys/param.h. HZ gives the number of clock ticks per second of the system clock. For example, an HZ of 100 specifies 100 clock ticks per second, or one tick every 10 milliseconds (that is, this system clock has a resolution of 10 milliseconds). If the -t and -r options are used to specify a time quantum of 34 milliseconds, it is rounded up to 4 ticks (40 milliseconds) on a machine with an HZ of 100. Requests for time quantums of zero or quantums greater than the (typically very large) implementation-specific maximum quantum result in an error.
To change the class of a process to fixed priority (from any other class) the user invoking priocntl must have appropriate privilege. To change the fppri value or time quantum of a fixed priority process the user invoking priocntl must either be a privileged user, or must currently be in the fixed priority class (shell running as a fixed priority process) with a real or effective user ID matching the real or effective user ID of the target process.
The fixed priority and time quantum are inherited across the fork(S) and exec(S) system calls.
sets the class of any non-fixed priority processes selected by idtype and idlist
to fixed priority and sets
their fixed priority to the default value of 0.
The fixed priority priorities of
any processes currently in the fixed priority
class are unaffected.
The time quantums of all the specified processes are set to 1/10 seconds.
priocntl -e -c FP -p 15 -t 20 command
executes command in the fixed priority class with a fixed priority of 15 and a time quantum of 20 milliseconds.
The time-sharing class has a range of
time-sharing user priority (tsupri)
values that can be assigned to processes within the class.
User priorities range from -x to +x, where the value of x
is configurable.
The range for a specific installation can be displayed by using the command
priocntl -l
The purpose of the user priority is to provide some degree of user or application control over the scheduling of processes in the time-sharing class. Raising or lowering the tsupri value of a process in the time-sharing class raises or lowers the scheduling priority of the process. It is not guaranteed, however, that a time-sharing process with a higher tsupri value will run before one with a lower tsupri value. This is because the tsupri value is just one factor used to determine the scheduling priority of a time-sharing process. The system dynamically adjusts the internal scheduling priority of a time-sharing process based on other factors such as recent CPU usage.
In addition to the system-wide limits on user priority (displayed with priocntl -l), there is a per process user priority limit (tsuprilim), which specifies the maximum tsupri value that can be set for a given process.
The command
priocntl -d [-i idtype] [idlist]
displays the user priority and user priority limit for each time-sharing process in the set specified by idtype and idlist.
The valid class-specific options for setting time-sharing parameters are:
Any time-sharing process can set its own tsupri (or that of another process with the same user ID) to any value less than or equal to the process's tsuprilim. Attempts to set the tsupri above the tsuprilim (and/or set the tsuprilim below the tsupri) result in the tsupri being set equal to the tsuprilim.
Any combination of the -m and -p options can be used with priocntl -s or priocntl -e for the time-sharing class. When an option is omitted and the process is time-sharing, the associated parameter is usually unaffected. However, when the -p option is omitted and -m is used to set a tsuprilim below the current tsupri, then the tsupri is set equal to the tsuprilim which is being set. If an option is omitted when changing the class of a process to time-sharing from some other class, the associated parameter is set to a default value. The default value for tsuprilim is ``0'' and the default for tsupri is to set it equal to the tsuprilim value that is being set.
The time-sharing user priority and user priority limit are inherited across the fork(S) and exec(S) system calls.
sets the class of any non-time-sharing processes selected by idtype and idlist
to time-sharing
and sets both their user priority limit and user priority to ``0''.
Processes already in the time-sharing class are unaffected.
priocntl -e -c TS -m 0 -p -15 command [arguments]
executes command with the arguments arguments in the time-sharing class with a user priority limit of 0 and a user priority of -15.
sets the maximum resident set size for the specified process(es) to
size pages.
The system uses this value to determine whether a
process is subject to trimming operations.
A fixed number of pages are removed from the address space of the process
when the process is trimmed.
Only a privileged user can execute this command.
priocntl -t interval [-i idtype] [idlist]
sets the elapsed time aging interval for the specified process(es).
The interval is specified in seconds.
When this interval has elapsed,
the process is subject to an external aging operation.
Only a privileged user can execute this command.
priocntl -q init min max [-i idtype] [idlist]
sets the range of aging quantum values for the specified process(es).
These quantities are specified in Hertz.
Processes are aged after they accumulate
a specified number of virtual clock ticks.
The initial age quantum is the value assigned to the process(es)
at creation time.
The minimum and maximum values specify the range for the process(es).
Only a privileged user can execute this command.
priocntl -g [-i idtype] [idlist]
displays the entire working set of aging parameters associated with the specified process(es). The following values are displayed:
Process(es) not found:
None of the specified processes exists.
Specified processes from different classes:
The -s option
is being used to set parameters, the -c class option
is not present, and processes from more than one class are specified.
Invalid option or argument:
An unrecognized or invalid option
or option argument is used.